WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

ON  SCIENTIFIC  LINES 

A  COURSE  FOR  CLASS  WORK  OR  PRIVATE  STUDY 
BY   JAMES    THOMAS    BAILY 

HEAD    MASTER,    ST.    ALBANS   TECHNICAL   SCHOOL  J   AND    MANUAL   TRAINING 
STAFF    INSTRUCTOR,    HERTFORDSHIRE   COUNTY   COUNCIL 


AND 


S.    POLL1TT,    B.Sc. 

HEAD  MAbTER,  SOUTHALL  COUNTY  SCHOOL,  MIDDLESEX 


IN  THREE  PARTS 
PART  I. 


THE  MANUAL  ARTS  PRESS,  PEORIA,  ILLINOIS 

1909 


PREFACE 

IT  has  been  evident  for  some  time  that  if  manual 
training  is  to  take  its  proper  place  among  the 
other  subjects  of  the  school  curriculum  it  must 
be  taught  by  methods  which,  while  giving  due 
prominence  to  the  practical  usefulness  of  the 
subject  learned,  will  develop  the  general  intelli- 
gence of  the  pupil. 

This  is  the  aim  the  authors  have  kept  steadily 
in  view  throughout  the  book.  By  linking  the 
classroom  with  the  laboratory  and  workshop  they 
have  provided  the  pupil  with  a  course  of  manual 
work  which  will  increase  his  stock  of  general 
information,  and  at  the  same  time  make  it  evident 
that  the  knowledge  acquired  is  capable  of  producing 
visible  results  of  a  useful  and  valuable  kind. 

The  construction  of  science  models,  which  forms 
an  important  portion  of  this  course,  has  been 
found  to  lead  to  exceptionally  good  and  careful 
work,  especially  in  the  case  of  boys  in  secondary 
schools,  who  have  to  use  the  apparatus  afterwards. 

2O6593O 


vi  PREFACE 

The  pupil  should  keep  a  notebook  in  which 
to  record  his  observations  and  answers  to  the 
questions.  The  master  should  make  a  point  of 
examining  these  books  every  week. 

It  is  hoped  that  candidates  for  the  Examinations 
of  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London  Institute,  the 
Board  of  Examinations  of  the  Educational  Hand- 
work Association,  and  the  National  Union  of 
Teachers  will  find  the  book  of  great  service  in 
preparing  for  the  Manual  Training  Certificates. 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTORY 

PAGE 

HINTS  FOR  DRAWING    -  i 

LETTERING  AND  FIGURING       -  3 

PART   I 

LESSON 

1.  SHORT  STRAIGHT-EDGE                             -           -  4 
IA,  GEOMETRICAL  EXERCISE  (SQUARE  AND  TRIANGLE)  6 

2.  PAIR  OF  WINDOW-WEDGES  6 
2A.  GEOMETRICAL  EXERCISE  (BISECTING  TRIANGLE)  7 

3.  PLANT  LABEL                                                        -  8 
3A.  GEOMETRICAL  EXERCISE  (USE  OF  PROTRACTOR)  9 

4.  STRING-HOLDER       -                                             -  9 
4A.  GEOMETRICAL  EXERCISE  (SUM  OF  ANGLES  OF  A 

TRIANGLE)  1 1 

5.  SMALL  WALL-BRACKET       -                                  -  u 
SA.  CUBE,  SQUARE  PRISM,  AND  SQUARE  PYRAMID  -  13 

6.  NOTCHING  EXERCISE                                             -  14 
6A.  TRIANGULAR  PRISM,  TRIANGULAR  PYRAMID,  AND 

TETRAHEDRON     -  15 

7.  CHISEL-RACK                                                         -  16 
7A.  INTRODUCTION  TO  RELATIVE  DENSITIES             -  17 

8.  SAUCKPAN  STAND     -  17 
SA.  MEASUREMENTS  BY  METRIC  SYSTEM  19 

9.  POT  STAND   -  19 
9A.  WOODEN  MEASURE  -  20 

vii 


CONTENTS 


10.  BLIND-ROLLER  OR  COPPER-STICK  (OCTAGONAL 

PRISM)     -  -    22 

IDA.  MODEL  VERNIER    -  23 

11.  EGG-STAND  24 
1 1  A.  TEST-TUBE  STAND             -  -    25 

12.  GARDEN  DIBBER    -  -    25 
i2A.  WOODEN  COMPASSES  -    28 

13.  HAT  AND  COAT  PEG  29 
i3A.  MODEL  FOR  PRINCIPLE  OF  MOMENTS    -           -    30 

14.  NAIL-BOX  32 
[4A.  MODEL  FOR  THREE  KINDS  OF  LEVERS  34 

15.  WATCH-STAND        -  -    35 
i5A.  MODEL  OF  STEELYARD      -  -    36 

1 6.  TOOTH-BRUSH  RACK  37 
i6A.  MODEL  OF  BALANCE  38 

17.  WALL- BRACKET      -  -    40 
1 7 A.  MODEL  BAROMETER  41 

1 8.  MARBLE-BOARD  43 
i8A.  BRIDGE  FOR  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  EXPERIMENTS    44 

19.  BENCH-HOOK  45 
i9A.  STAND  FOR  PULLEYS  -    46 

20.  ORIGINAL  MODEL  -  46 
20A.  ORIGINAL  SCIENTIFIC  MODEL      -  -    47 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


HINTS  FOR  DRAWING. 

FASTEN  the  paper  on  the  drawing-board  so  that 
the  edges  of  the  paper  are  parallel  to  the  edges 
of  the  board. 

When  using  the  tee-square  keep  its  head  in 
close  contact  with  the  left-hand  edge  of  the 
drawing-board,  using  the  top  edge  of  the  blade 


a   b     SET    5QUARC5 

FIG.  i. 

as  a  guide  to  draw  all  horizontal  lines.  In  projec- 
tion drawing  draw  all  perpendicular  lines  with  the 
aid  of  the  set-square,  sliding  it  along  the  top  edge 
of  the  tee-square  blade.  (See  Fig.  i.) 


2  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

The  pencil  should  be  chisel-pointed  to  draw 
lines  (see  Fig.  2),  and  round-pointed  for  lettering, 
figuring,  sketching,  etc. 


CHISEL 
POINT 


ROUND 
POINT 


FIG.  2. 


The  following  order  should  be  adhered  to  in 
executing  the  drawings : 

1.  Plot   out   the  space   the  drawing   or  set  of 
drawings  is  to  occupy,  so  that  when  completed 
it  shall  be  symmetrical  upon  the  paper. 

2.  Draw   lightly   the   ground    line,   XY,   when 
needed,  and  all  lines  necessary  to  the  construction 
of  the  main  shapes ;  then  proceed  to  details. 

3.  Line  in  strongly  the  lines  representing  the 
views  of  the  model  only,  going  over  all  circles  and 
curves  first.  Show  construction  lines  and  projectors 
by  chain  lines,  thus : 


and  invisible  edges  of  the  model  by  short  dotted 
lines,  thus: 


PRELIMINARY  HINTS  3 

4.  Complete  the  drawing  by  neatly  printing  the 
title  and  the  name  of  each  view,  and  clearly  mark 
all  dimensions,  thus  : 


The  alphabet  and  figures  given  below  may  be 
copied,  or  any  plain  lettering  used. 


NOTE. — The  sizes  given  for  the  wood  required  for 
each  exercise  are  sawn  sizes — that  is,  a  little  has  been 
allowed  for  planing  ^^p  and  squaring  the  ends. 


PART  I 

LESSON  i. 

SHORT  STRAIGHT-EDGE, 

Drawing. — Draw  the  XY  line  midway  between 
the  top  and  bottom  edges  of  the  paper ;  with  the 
ruler  measure  off  the  length  10",  and  at  each  end 


•  -  10 

FIG.  3. 


erect  the  perpendiculars  with  the  aid  of  the  com- 
passes and  ruler.     (See  Fig.  3.) 


CIC.VATION  

x 

f 

r 

i 

1  w 

•OBLIQUE    VIEW 


FIG.  4. 

On  each  of  these  perpendiculars  find  a  point 
i"  from  the  XY,  and  connect  the  twro  points.     The 

4 


RULES  FOR  PLANING  5 

oblong  10"  x  i"  thus  obtained  is  the  elevation  of 
the  straight-edge. 

Draw  the  plan  of  the  model  showing  the  thick- 
ness |"  in  a  similar  manner  (Fig.  4). 

The  oblique  view  is  not  to  be  drawn. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  deal 

II" 

ir  x  i" 

METHOD  OF  PLANING  UP  A  PIECE  OF  WOOD. 

(This  method  must  be  strictly  adhered  to  in  all  the 
following  Exercises.} 

1.  Plane  the  face  side  true. 

2.  Plane  the  face  edge  straight  and  square  to 
the  face  side,  and  inscribe  the  face  marks. 

3.  Gauge  and  plane  to  width.     (In  this  case  the 
width  is  i".) 

4.  Gauge  and  plane  to  thickness.     (In  this  case 
the  thickness  is  £".) 

5.  Mark   off   the   length   with    try-square   and 
marking-knife,  and  cut  off  waste  ends  with  tenon- 
saw. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  On  completing  Exercise  i  measure  accurately 
its  length,  width  and  thickness,  and  write  these 
dimensions  in  your  notebook. 


6  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

2.  Briefly  describe  the  English  system  of  measure- 
ment of  length. 


LESSON  la. 

Draw  a  square  piece  of  wood  of  10  cm.  side. 
Prepare  such  a  piece  with  the  plane  and  saw,  and 
cut  from  this  two  equal  triangular  pieces  of  wood. 
Measure  length  of  sides  and  enter  in  your  note- 
book. 


LESSON  2. 

PAIR  OF  WINDOW-WEDGES. 
Drawing. — With  the  additional  aid  of  a  model, 


FIG.  5 — PAIR  OF  WINDOW- WEDGES. 

draw  front  elevation  and  plan,  full  size.     Draw  a 
freehand  sketch  of  one  wedge. 


WINDOW-WEDGES 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  pine 

10" 

ii*xf 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Measure  accurately  the  length  and  width  of 
the  chisel-pared  surface  of  both  wedges ;  compare 
the  measurements  with  the  corresponding  dimen- 
sions on  your  drawing,  and  write  the  result  in 
your  notebook. 

2.  Write  what  you  know  about  a  lead-pencil. 
Give  the  names  of  each  of  its  parts,  and  state 
if  you  think  they  are  rightly  named ;  if  not,  why  ? 


LESSON  2a. 

Draw  a  triangle  on  a  piece  of  wood  having  two 
sides,  each  10  cm.  long.  Cut  this  triangle  out. 
Drop  a  perpendicular  from  the  apex  to  base,  and 
saw  down  this  line. 

Find  what  relation  the  parts  cut  bear  to  each 
other,  and  hence  give  your  conclusions  as  to  what 
the  perpendicular  has  done  to  the  base  of  the 
original  triangle. 


8  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

LESSON  3. 

PLANT-LABEL. 

Drawing. — Draw  full  size  front  and  side  ele- 
vations, and  make  a  freehand  sketch  of  the 
oblique  view.  A  model  of  the  label  may  be  used 
to  draw  from. 


FIG.  6.— PLANT-LABEL. 


STRING-HOLDER 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  deal 

8" 

•rS,"  x  i" 
X4     x  2 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Make   a   freehand   sketch   of    a   jack-plane, 
and  write  against  it  the    names  of   its   different 
parts. 

2.  What  units  in  the  British  system  of  measure- 
ment are  used  to  measure  superficies  ? 


LESSON  3a. 

Plane  all  the  sides  and  carefully  square  the  ends 
of  two  pieces  of  wood  to  sizes  of  6"  x  i"  x  i",  and 
then  let  one  stand  on  the  other.  Measure  by  aid  of 
a  protractor  the  angles  the  piece  standing  upright 
(vertically)  makes  with  the  piece  lying  flat  (hori- 
zontally). Enter  in  your  notebook  the  result 
obtained. 

LESSON  4. 

STRING-HOLDER. 

Drawing. — Draw  front  and  edge  views  to  scale 
of  half  the  full  size — that  is,  so  that  6"  shall 


10 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


represent  i  foot — and  draw  full  size  sufficient  of 
the  lower  end  to  show  clearly  the  saw-kerfs. 


Enlarged  detail  of 

lower  end,  showing 

saw-kerfs. 


FIG.  7.— STRING-HOLDER. 


WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Whitewood 

13" 

2**xr 

NOTE. — Cut  the  saw-kerfs  with  the  hand-saw. 


WALL-BRACKET  n 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  an  exogen  ?    Draw  a  cross  section  of 
an  exogenous   tree-stem,  and  name  the  different 
parts. 

2.  What  was  the  superficial  area  of  the  piece  of 
wood  used  for  Lesson  4  when  it  was  cut  off  to  its 
length  ? 


LESSON  4a. 

Cutout  a  triangular  piece  of  wood — length  of  base 
7'5  cm.,  and  two  angles  at  the  base  of  45  degrees. 
Measure  the  third  angle  by  aid  of  protractor, 
and  enter  this,  together  with  the  sum  of  all  the 
angles,  in  your  notebook.  What  useful  geometri- 
cal instrument  have  you  made,  and  what  have  you 
learnt  about  the  sum  of  the  angles  of  a  triangle  ? 


LESSON  5. 

SMALL  WALL-BRACKET. 

Drawing. — A  perspective  view  and  a  side  eleva- 
tion of  the  bracket  are  shown.  Draw  front 
elevation  and  plan,  taking  off  your  measurements 
from  the  dimensioned  model  given  out  to  you. 
The  side  elevation  shows  how  two  supports  of 


12 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Venetian    strip-iron  may  considerably  strengthen 
the  shelf. 


FIG.  8.— SMALL  WALL-BRACKET  (PERSPECTIVE  VIEW) 


WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Yellow  pine     ... 
Iron  flat-headed  screws 

13" 

2 

3"xf" 
i"  No.  8 

Venetian  strip-iron    ... 
Round-headed  screws 

9" 
4 

for*" 
i" 

SIMPLE  GEOMETRICAL  SOLIDS 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  What    are   the   chief   characteristics   of  the 
class  of  trees  known  as  '  Conifers '?     Give  a  list  of 
trees  belonging  to  that  class,  and  the  names  of  any 
places  you  know  in  which  they  grow. 

2.  If  y  yellow  pine  is  sold  at  3d.  per  superficial 
foot,   what   is  the   value   of   the   piece   used   for 
Lesson  5  ? 

LESSON  5a. 

CUBE,  SQUARE  PRISM,  AND  SQUARE  PYRAMID. 

Drawing. — Make  plans  and  elevations  of  a  cube, 
square  prism,  and  square  pyramid. 


Square  Pyramid. 


Square  Prism. 


Cube. 


FIG.  9.— GEOMETRICAL  MODELS  (ISOMETRIC  VIEWS). 

Bench-work.  —  Work   the   three  models  on  one 
piece  of  wood,  as  shown  by  Fig.  9. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  6. 

NOTCHING  EXERCISE. 

Drawing. — Copy  the  given  elevation  full  size, 
and  from  it  project  its  plan.  The  exercise  is  to 
finish  f"  in  thickness. 

T 


IY 


Q" ,| 

FIG.  io.— NOTCHING  EXERCISE  (FACE  VIEW). 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  deal 

10* 

if"  XI" 

Retain  Lesson  6  to  be  used  in  Lesson  7. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Give  a   short   account   of  yellow   deal   and 
yellow  pine ;  especially  mention  their  appearance 
and  chief  points  of  difference. 

2.  Find  out  by  using  the  scales  the  weight  of 
your  model  (Lesson  6),  giving  your  answer  in  the 
English  system. 

3.  Describe  the  English  units  of   weight,  and 
those  corresponding  in  the  Metric  System. 


GEOMETRICAL  SOLIDS 


LESSON  6a. 

TRIANGULAR  PRISM,  TRIANGULAR  PYRAMID,  AND 
TETRAHEDRON. 

Drawing. — Make  plans  and  elevations  of  a 
triangular  prism,  triangular  pyramid,  and  a  tetra- 
hedron. 

x1  IX2 


Elevations  of  tetra- 
hedron. 


Elevations  of  tri- 
angular prism. 


Inverted  elevations 
of  triangular 
pyramid. 


Plans. 

>-:>-\ 

Y'  [Y2 

FIG.  ii.— GEOMETRICAL  MODELS. 

Benchwork. — Work   the   three    models   on   one 
piece  of  wood,  as  shown  by  Fig.  n. 


i6 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  7. 

CHISEL-RACK. 

Drawing. — A  model  of  the  chisel-rack  will  be 
given  to  you.     Make  a  rough  dimensioned  sketch 


FIG.  12.  -CHISEL-RACK. 
View  in  oblique  projection. 

of  the  same,  return  the  model  to  its  place,  and 
from  the  sketch  draw  a  plan  and  elevation  full  size. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Exercise  6  for  shelf  ... 
Yellow  pine  for  back  .  .  . 
Oval  wire  nails 

II" 
5 

-jr 

The   two   pieces   are   to   be   glued   and   nailed 
together. 


SAUCEPAN-STAND 


17 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  Draw  a  sketch  of  and  describe  the  try-square. 

2.  What   is   glue  ?     Describe   how  you   would 
prepare  it,  and  what  precautions  you  would  take 
in  using  it. 

LESSON  ;a. 

Work  two  rectangular  blocks  of  wood  to  size  of 
3'  X  3"  X  2" — one  of  yellow  pine,  the  other  of  yellow 
deal — weigh  them,  and  explain  why,  having  equal 
volumes,  they  do  not  weigh  the  same. 

LESSON  8. 
SAUCEPAN-STAND  (HALVED  OR  NOTCHED  JOINT). 

Drawing. — The  edge  and  face  views  are  shown 
of  the  two  pieces  forming  the  saucepan-stand  : 
draw  the  pieces  in  oblique  projection,  full  size. 


View  of  block  of  wood  in  oblique  projection. 


View  in  orthographic  projection,  showing  how  joint  is  worked. 
FIG.  13. — SAUCEPAN-STAND. 


i8 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  deal 

10* 

ir  x  ir 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Write  notes  about  a  marking  gauge,   illus- 
trating the  various  parts  by  sketches. 

2.  What  is  cubic  measure  ?     Give  the  number 
of   cubic    inches    contained    in    Lesson    8    when 
completed.     How  much  water  would  it  displace  if 
floated  ?     Give  your  answer  in  cubic  inches  and 
cubic  centimetres. 

3.  Give  four  instances  within  your   knowledge 
of  the  use  of  this  joint  in  wooden  structures. 


FIG.  14.— SAUCEPAN-STAND. 
View  in  isometric  projection,  showing  joint  fixed  together. 


POT-STAND 


LESSON  8a. 

Draw  an  equilateral  triangle  on  a  piece  of  wood 
having  its  sides  15  cm.  Cut  this  out,  and  from 
the  same  piece  of  wood  cut  out  a  square  piece 
of  8  cm.  side.  Compare  their  area  by  weighing 
them.  Enter  results  in  your  notebook. 

LESSON   9. 

POT-STAND. 

Drawing. — An  isometric  sketch  of  the  pot-stand 
and  an  elevation  of  piece  A  alone  are  given. 


+  c»UL^  ^ 

Face  view  of  piece  A. 


Isometric  view. 
FIG.  15.  — POT-STAND. 

Adopting   metric   measurements,  copy  the   given 
elevation,  and  project  its  plan  ;  then  draw  eleva- 


2 — 2 


20 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


tion   and   plan   of  the   other    piece  forming  the 
stand. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Whitewood  ... 
Iron  flat-headed  screw 

45  cm. 
i 

6  cm.  x  2  cm. 
i"  No.  10 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Before  commencing  to  work  Lesson  9  measure 
the  block  of  wood  from  which  you  intend  to  make 
it,  and  give  the  approximate  cost  of  such  a  piece, 
if  whitewood  is  sold  at  55.  per  cubic  foot. 

2.  What  are  the  chief  characteristics  of  the  class 
of  trees  known  as  '  leafy  timber  trees '?     Give  the 
names  of  any  such  trees,  and  the  names  of  places 
you  know  in  which  they  grow. 


LESSON  pa. 

WOODEN   MEASURE,  MARKED  IN   ENGLISH  AND 
METRIC  UNITS  OF  LENGTH. 

Drawing. — Draw  full  size  the  equilateral  triangle 
shown  above.  Assuming  this  view  to  be  the  end 
of  a  triangular  prism  12"  long,  project  from  the 
end  view  the  true  shape  of  two  of  its  sides.  On  one 


WOODEN  MEASURE 


21 


of  these  side  views  set  off  the  English  units  of 
length,  and  on  the  other  the  metric  units  of  length. 


View  of  one 
side  marked 
in  inches. 


View  of  one 
side  marked 
in  centi- 
metres. 


End  view. 


FIG.  16.— WOODEN  MEASURES,  MARKED  IN  ENGLISH  AND 
METRIC  UNITS  OF  LENGTH. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Beech 

13" 

T:3."   X    1  4* 

A8  A  A8 

22  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Find  the  area  of  the  end  of  the  prism,  and, 
knowing  its  length,  calculate  its  volume,  expressing 
your  result  in  cubic  inches  and  cubic  centimetres. 

2.  Find  the  volume  of  a  rectangular  box  that 
would  just  hold  the  above  prism. 

LESSON  10. 

BLIND-ROLLER   OR  COPPER-STICK  (OCTAGONAL 

PRISM). 

Drawing. — Draw  full  size  an  end  view  of  the 
prism,  which  is  a  regular  octagon  of  i£"  diameter; 
and  project  from  it  the  side  elevation.  Also  draw 
the  two  isometric  views. 

Side  elevation. 


*~  I O  ~-  •-          -    -        — 


Squared  stage.  Octagonal  stage. 

FIG.  17. — BLIND-ROLLER  OR  COPPER-STICK  (OCTAGONAL 

PRISM). 
Isometric  views. 

The  prism  may  be  used  as  a  washhouse  copper-stick, 
or  its  length  may  be  altered  to  make  it  suitable  for 
a  blind-roller. 


VERNIER  RULE 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

White  deal 

18" 

4"  x  4" 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Describe  the  wood  used  for  Lesson  10. 

2.  Explain  what  you  understand  by  the  word 
'  isometric.'     What  advantage  is  gained  by  using 
isometric  projection  in  preference  to  orthographic 
projection  ? 

LESSON  loa. 

VERNIER. 

View  in  oblique  projection. 


Isometric  view  of 

under  side,  showing 

metal  stop  and  connexions. 

FIG.  18.— VERNIER, 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Drawing. — Draw  an  elevation,  plan,  and  free- 
hand sketches  of  details. 

Make  a  list  of  materials  required. 

Any  hard  close-grained  wood  may  be  used ;  the 
three  pieces  of  metal  may  be  cut  from  sheet  brass 
or  copper. 

LESSON    ii. 

EGG-STAND. 

Drawing. — Draw  the  end  view  to  scale  of  half 
the  full  size,  and  from  it  project  the  plan  of  an 
egg- stand  to  hold  six  eggs. 


End  view. 


Sketch  showing  connection 
of  top  to  foot  piece. 

FIG.  19. — EGG-STAND. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Whitewood  (for  top)  .  .  . 

14" 

2!"  x  r 

(for  feet) 

12" 

ifx|" 

Oval  wire  nails 

4 

I" 

The  top  to  be  glued  and  nailed  to  the  feet. 


TEST-TUBE  STAND  25 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  Write  notes  on  American  whitewood. 

2.  Give   the   meaning  of   the   following   terms 
used  in  connexion  with  the  circle,  and  illustrate 
your   answers  with   sketches  wherever   possible : 
radius,  circumference,  diameter,  centre,  arc,  chord, 
segment.     What  multiple  is  the  circumference  of 
the  diameter  ? 

3.  Describe  the  chisel  you  have  used.     What 
name  is  given  to  it  to  distinguish  it  from  other 
kinds  ? 


LESSON  iia. 

TEST-TUBE   STAND. 

Drawing. — Prepare  the  necessary  drawings  to 
make  the  test-tube  stand  as  illustrated  (see 
p.  26). 

Take  off  from  your  drawing  the  quantity  of 
material  required,  and  execute  it  in  basswood. 


LESSON  12. 

GARDEN  DIBBER  (TEE-HALVED  JOINT). 

Drawing.  —  A   model   like   the  one    illustrated 
on   p.    27   is    given    to    you,    worked    to    metric 


26 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


~ 


FIG.  20.— TEST-TUBE  STAND. 
Isometric  view  of  one  end. 


GARDEN  DIBBER  27 

dimensions.    Make  a  freehand  dimensioned  sketch 
of  the  model,  put  it  away,  and  from  your  sketch 


FIG.  21.—  GARDEN  DIBBER. 


draw  an  elevation  and  plan  of  the  complete  model 
and  an  oblique  view  of  the  shorter  piece,  using 
metric  measurements. 


28 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  deal 

34  cms. 

5x4  cms. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Sketch  and  describe  a  tenon-saw. 

2.  Give  any  instance  where  you  know  the  tee- 
halved  joint  has  been  used. 

3.  Determine  the  area  (in  square  feet)  of  your 
bench  top. 

LESSON  I2a. 

WOODEN  COMPASSES. 

Drawing. — Make  a  front  elevation,  a  plan,  and 
an  inside  elevation  of  one  leg  only. 


FIG.  22.— WOODEN  COMPASSES. 


HAT  AND  COAT  PEG 


29 


Benchwork. — Make  the  model  from  a  moderately 
hard  wood.  Strong  needles  may  be  inserted  for 
the  points,  and  the  pivot  may  be  either  a  screw  or 
a  fine  bolt  with  wing-nut. 


LESSON  13. 

HAT  AND  COAT  PEG. 

Drawing. — Copy  the  front  and  side  views  shown, 
and  give  a  plan  of  piece  A  alone. 


Front  view. 


Side  view. 


FIG.  23.— COAT-PEG. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Satin  walnut    ... 
Flat-headed  brass  screw 

T?l" 
LZ2 

I 

I*"  *  li" 
f"  No.  10 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Write  notes  on  the  wood  used  for  Lesson  13. 

2.  Make  a  note  of  what  you  surmise  the  weight 
of  the  coat-hook  to  be.    Verify  by  using  the  scales, 
and  state  what  the  cost  would  be  to  send  it  to 
Exeter  by  parcel  post. 

3.  Sketch  the  hammer  you  use.     Explain  how 
it  is  one  form  of  lever.     What  is  the  mechanical 
advantage  derived  from  its  use  over  that  of  a  stone 
or  piece  of  wood  ? 

4.  Name  the  materials  of  which  the  hammer  is 
made,  and  explain  why  such  materials  are  used. 


LESSON  I3a. 

MODEL  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE  PRINCIPLE  OF 
MOMENTS. 

The  wheel  is  provided  with  series  of  holes,  each 
series  being  at  equal  distances  from  the  centre. 


^ —     Guide  pulley 


Distance 
pieces  of 
piping 


Plumb  'bob 


FIG.  24,— MOMENTS  APPARATUS. 


32  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Two  movable  pegs,  from  which  are  suspended  two 
pans,  can  be  so  arranged  as  to  illustrate  the  relation 
of  weights  and  distances  and  turning  power  (or 
moments). 

Drawing. — Draw  two  elevations  and  a  plan  as 
working  drawings,  make  out  a  list  of  materials 
required,  and  make  the  model. 


LESSON  14. 
NAIL-BOX. 

Drawing. — Draw  to  scale  of  6"  to  i  foot  plan 
and   end    elevation   of    such   a   nail-box   as   that 


FIG.  25.— NAIL-BOX. 
Isometric  view. 

shown  in  the  isometric  view,  taking  your  measure- 
ments from  the  model  supplied  to  you. 


NAIL-BOX 


33 


WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

White  deal      

2' 

2i"xr 

„         „         

10" 

5"  x  t  " 

Oval  wire  nails 

2  dozen 

Ji" 

QUESTIONS. 


the  different  kinds  of 
are    familiar.      What    is 
nails    be    prevented    from 


1.  Sketch  and  describe 
nails   with    which    you 
rust,    and    how    can 
rusting  ? 

2.  Describe  the  pincers.    Show  by  a  sketch  how 
you  would  extract  a  nail  with  their  aid,  but  with 
the  least  exertion  on  your  part. 

3.  Show  that    pincers  behave  as  a  compound 
lever,    and   explain   which   are   the   fulcrum,  the 
weight,    and   the   power   when   they  are  in   use. 
Give  other  examples  of  compound  levers. 

4.  A    pound   of   i^"  oval  wire  nails   costs   3d. 
What  would  the  nails  cost  in  making  a  score  of 
such  boxes  as  in  Lesson  14? 

5.  Give  the  cubical  capacity  of   the  box   you 
have  made.     What  would  it  cost  to  line  it  with 
lead  at  5d.  per  square  foot  ? 


34 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  i4a. 

MODEL   TO   ILLUSTRATE   THE    RELATIVE    POSI- 
TIONS OF  POWER,  WEIGHT,  AND  FULCRUM 
IN  THE  THREE  KINDS  OF  LEVERS. 

Drawing. — Prepare  the  necessary  working  draw- 
ings and  list  of  materials  required  before  making 
the  model. 

The  pulley  is  of   the  kind  used  for  Venetian 


Scale  of  inches. 


FIG.  26. — LEVER  APPARATUS. 
View  in  isometric  projection. 

blinds,  a  large  picture  nail  acts  as  fulcrum,  and 
the  pans  may  be  made  from  canister  lids  such  as 
are  used  for  boot  polishes.  The  two  long  bars 
have  holes  pierced  i"  centre  to  centre  for  the 
picture-nail  to  enter. 


WATCH-STAND 


35 


LESSON  15. 

WATCH-STAND. 

Drawing. — Draw    full    size   the   two   views   as 
shown. 


Face  view, 
looking  in 

direction  of 
arrow. 


FIG.  27.— WATCH-STAND. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Virginian  red  cedar    ... 

7" 

4l'xf 

jj                »           •  •  • 

5" 

3r*r 

Iron  flat-headed  screws 

2 

|"  No.  6 

Brass  escutcheon  pin 

I 

i"  or  |" 

3—2 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  Write  notes  on  Virginian  red  cedar. 

2.  Pack  the  watch-stand  in  a  parcel,  direct  it 
to  an  imaginary  person  in  Paris,  and  find  the  cost 
of  postage  in  English  and  French  money.     What 
is  the  value  of  one  franc  in  English  money  ? 


LESSON 

MODEL  OF  STEELYARD. 

A  simple  piece  of  apparatus  illustrating  principle 
and  use  of  the  steelyard. 

The  arm  is  a  piece  of  thin  pear  wood,  pivoted  to 


Elevation. 


ll       B     b     14-     15     lo     [7      Itt     |3     IIP    III     Il2    |!5lH-   US 


Plan. 

FIG.  28.— STEELYARD. 


TOOTH-BRUSH  RACK 


37 


another  piece  of  wood  by  means  of  a  round-headed 
screw,  which  acts  as  the  fulcrum ;  the  pan  sus- 
pended from  the  shorter  arm  is  a  canister  lid, 
which  contains  the  body  the  weight  of  which  is  to 
be  found ;  a  piece  of  lead  is  suspended  above  the 
pan  to  keep  the  lever  in  equilibrium ;  the  constant 
weight  suspended  from  the  long  arm  is  a  piece  of 
lead  with  a  wire  loop,  which  can  be  moved  along 
the  graduated  arm. 

LESSON  16. 

TOOTH-BRUSH  RACK. 


Front  view 


Plan 


FIG.  29.— TOOTH-BRUSH  RACK. 


38  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Drau'ing. — Draw  full  size  the  views  shown,  and 
add  a  side  elevation.  The  top  and  bottom  in  the 
front  elevation  are  parts  of  regular  octagons.  The 
shelf  is  housed  into  the  back  £". 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Mahogany 
Iron  flat-headed  screws 

10" 

2 

2  r  *  ¥ 

f"or£"No.6 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Sketch    any    screws    with    which    you    are 
familiar,  and  say  what  you  know  about  them. 

2.  What  are  polygons  ?     Illustrate  your  answer 
by  sketches  of  different  kinds  of  polygons. 

3.  Measure  the  angles  of  the  polygon  made,  and 
prove  by  geometry  that  your  result  is  correct. 

4.  Give  notes  on  mahogany,  and  mention  a  few 
useful  pieces  of  furniture  made  of  this  wood. 


LESSON  i6a. 
A  SIMPLE  BALANCE. 

The  construction   is   such   that   the   principles 
involved  in  the  use  of  a  balance  can  be  easily 


A  SIMPLE  BALANCE 


39 


demonstrated.     The    pans    can    be    replaced   by 
simple  pill-boxes. 

Drawing. —  Give  a  view  of  the  balance  in 
isometric  projection,  and  a  freehand  sketch  of  the 
joint  used  to  unite  the  base  and  pillar. 


Front  view. 


Side  view. 


Plan. 

FIG.  30.— SIMPLE  BALANCE. 

The  pivot  is  a  piece  of  three-corner  file,  encircled  by  a  piece 
of  brass  tubing  in  the  beam  only. 


40  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Woodwork. — Work   the    balance    in    mahogany 
and  basswood. 


LESSON  17. 

WALL-BRACKET. 

Drawing. — An  isometric  view  is  shown  of  a  plain 
model  of  the  bracket. 


Shelf  broken  away 

to  show  housing 

joint. 


Isometric  view  of  under  side 
of  shelf,  showing  jointing. 

FIG.  31. — WALL-BRACKET. 
Isometric  view  of  plain  model. 

A  model  will  be  lent  to  you,  from  which  you  are 
required    to    make    rough    freehand   dimensioned 


A  BAROMETER  41 

sketches  of  such  views  as  you  consider  will  be 
necessary  for  working  drawings.  The  bracket  must 
not  exceed  the  following  dimensions : 

Height         15". 

Width                      15". 

Depth  from  back  to  front  edge  of 

shelf       ...  8". 

Thickness  of  material       ...          ...  |". 

From  your  rough  sketches  prepare  correct 
working  drawings,  altering  the  form  to  be  pleasing 
to  the  eye  without  interfering  with  the  principles 
of  construction. 

WOODWORK. 

Prepare  a  list  of  material  required,  and  make 
the  bracket  in  satin  walnut. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  If  twenty  boys  are  to  make  brackets  similar 
to  yours,  state  how  much  timber  will  be  required, 
and   its   probable   cost   at   the   rate   of   3^d.    per 
foot  super. 

2.  Explain  the  following  terms  in  connexion  with 
timber:  'knots,'  'sapwood,'  'shakes,'  'waneyedge,' 
'warping,'  'medullary  rays.' 

LESSON    I7a. 
A  BAROMETER. 

The  model  consists  of  an  upright  piece  of  board, 
housed  into  a  hexagonal  base,  with  an  angle  block 
glued  at  the  back. 


Front 
elevation. 


Zero 


~2£ 


Side 
elevation. 


Plan. 


FIG.  32.— A  BAROMETER. 


MARBLE-BOARD 


43 


Drawing. — Draw  plan  and  elevation  of  the  stand. 
Woodwork. — Work  the  stand  as  shown  by  your 
drawing. 

LESSON  18. 
MARBLE-BOARD. 

Construct  a  scale  of   two-thirds  (that  is,  8*  to 
represent  12")  at  the  bottom  of  your  paper.    Using 


FIG.  33. — MARBLE-BOARD. 
View  in  oblique  projection. 

this  scale,  draw  an  elevation  and  plan.  The  top 
of  the  board  is  semi-elliptical  in  shape.  Make  an 
isometric  view  of  the  foot-piece. 

WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Sizes. 

Kauri  pine 

13" 

3**xf 

,,         ,,          ...          ... 

5" 

r*r 

Oval  wire  nails 

2 

ir 

44 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  Describe  the  kauri  pine. 

2.  Give  sketches  of  and  notes  on  the  brace  and 
bits. 

3.  State  any  mechanical  advantage  gained  when 
using  the  brace  and  bit. 

4.  Draw  an  ellipse,  and  find  its  area. 


LESSON  i8a. 

BRIDGE  FOR  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  EXPERIMENTS, 
TO  BE  USED  IN  CONJUNCTION  WITH  THE 
BALANCE. 

Drawing. — A  plan  and  end  view  are  shown.   Give 
a  view  in  some  form  of  conventional  perspective, 


Plan. 

End  view 

f      •                                               •       ^ 

_   NN 

$ 

/>  ' 

• 

0      f 

J           # 

N.         1                                                        '.    ,         / 

I 

-* 

FIG.  34. — BRIDGE  FOR  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  EXPERIMENTS. 

the   sizes   to   be   suitable   to   the   balance   to   be 
used. 

Woodwork. — Execute  in  any  suitable  wood. 


BENCH-HOOK 


45 


LESSON  19. 
BENCH-HOOK. 

Drawing. — Convert  the  given  oblique  view  into 
an  isometric  view.     Scale,  6  inches  to  i  foot. 


FIG.  35.— BENCH-HOOK. 
View  in  oblique  projection. 


WOODWORK. 
MATERIAL  REQUIRED. 


Description. 

Quantity. 

Size. 

Yellow  deal 

12" 

2|"  x  if 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Make  a  sketch  and  write  a  brief  description 
of  a  handsaw.     What  is  the  '  set '? 

2.  In  what  position  would  you  place  the  cutting 
edge  of  the  bradawl  when  commencing  to  bore  a 
hole,  and  what  becomes  of  the  wood  displaced  by 
the  bradawl  ? 


46  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

LESSON  ipa. 

A  STAND  FOR  PULLEYS. 

The  top  rests  are  provided  with  simple  picture- 
hooks  to  carry  the  sheaves,  and  these  blocks  can 
be  moved  along  horizontally. 


FIG.  36. — A  STAND  FOR  PULLEYS. 


LESSON  20. 

ORIGINAL  MODEL. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  a  model 
of  your  own  design,  embodying  tool  operations 
similar  to  those  you  have  practised  in  the  previous 
lessons.  State  the  kind  of  material  in  which  you 
propose  to  execute  the  design,  and  write  a  list 
showing  the  sizes  required. 


ORIGINAL  SCIENTIFIC  MODEL  47 

Woodwork. — On  the  drawing  being  approved,, 
work  the  model. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Give  a  general  description  of  your  design  and 
model,  and  state  from  the  experience  gained  while 
making  it  what  improvements  you  would  suggest. 

LESSON  2oa. 

ORIGINAL  SCIENTIFIC  MODEL. 

Prepare  wrorking  drawings  of  and  make  an 
original  scientific  model,  which  may  be  in  the  form 
of  a  toy,  useful  article,  or  simple  apparatus,  utiliz- 
ing some  scientific  principle,  such  as  the  lever. 


BILLING   AND  SONS,    LTD.,   PRINTERS,   GUILUFORD 


CONTENTS 


PART  II 

LESSON  PAGE 

21.  OXFORD  FRAME  i 
2  r A.  ANGLE   MIRRORS   WITH   DIVIDED   CIRCLE,   TO 

DETERMINE  THE  NUMBER  OF  IMAGES  FORMED 
WHEN  MIRRORS  ARE  INCLINED  AT  DIFFERENT 

ANGLES    -                                                         -  2 

22.  OBLIQUE  SAWING  AND  CHISELLING  3 
22A.  A  SIMPLE  OPTICAL  BENCH                                 -  4 

23.  MATCH-BOX  BRACKET       -  5 
23A.  OSCILLATING  MAGNETOMETER     -  6 

24.  KEY-RACK   -  7 
24A.  A  TEST-TUBE  HOLDER                                        -  8 

25.  BOOK-STAND                                                       -  9 
2$A.  THE  INCLINED  PLANE      -                                  -  10 

26.  TRUING-STICK  OR  WINDING-LATH                     -  11 
26A.  SIMPLE  GALVANOSCOPE  OR  CURRENT  INDICATOR  12 

27.  TEE-SQUARE                                                         -  13 
27 A.  A  BURETTE  STAND                                              -  14 

28.  SET  SQUARES                                                        -  16 
28A.  APPARATUS  TO  SHOW  THE  LAWS  OF  REFLECTION 

OF  LIGHT  FROM  PLANE  MIRRORS       -           -  16 

29.  SOAP-TRAY  -                                                           -  18 
29A.  Box  TO  CARRV^LEYDEN  JAR  BATTERY  OF  FOUR  19 
296.  COLLAR-BOX                                                         -  20 

30.  NET-PEG      -           -                      -                      -  21 


iv  CONTENTS 

LESSON  PAGE 

30A.  LEYDEN  JARS  FOR  PREVIOUS  BATTERY-BOX  22 

31.  DESK  RULER  -    23 
3iA.  A  PIPETTE  STAND-  24 
316.  MALLET       -  25 

32.  LETTER  E   -  26 
32A.  MAGNETOMETER     -  27 

33.  TRY-SQUARE  28 
33A.  A  STAND  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE  PARALLELOGRAM 

OF  FORCES  -    29 

34.  WOOD  PUZZLE  30 
34A.  MODEL  OF  THE  CAPSTAN  -  31 

35.  FOOTSTOOL  -  -    32 
35A.  A  WHEATSTONE  BRIDGE  -  33 

36.  MARKING-GAUGE    -  35 
36A.  A  FILTER-STAND  TO  CARRY  Two  FUNNELS  36 

37.  DRAINING  STAND    -  37 
37A.  DIFFERENTIAL  AIR  THERMOMETER  38 

38.  INKSTAND    -  39 
38A.  AN  ELECTRIC  Box  40 

39.  FIRE-SCREEN  -      41 

39A.  APPARATUS  TO  PROVE  BOYLE'S  LAW  FOR  PRES- 
SURES GREATER  OR  LESS  THAN  ONE  ATMO- 
SPHERE -  44 

40.  MODEL  OF  ORIGINAL  DESIGN       -  -    46 


WOODWORK    FOR   SCHOOLS 


PART  II 

LESSON   21. 

OXFORD  FRAME. 

DRAWING. — Draw  the  given  elevation  to  scale  of 
three-quarters  the  full  size,  and  show  a  section  on 


FIG.  37. — OXFORD  PICTURE-FRAME. 

the  line  AB  full  size.  (The  chamfers  need  only 
be  drawn  at  and  around  one  joint.)  Make  a  per- 
spective hand  sketch  to  show  the  joint  used. 


2  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  black  walnut 
for  frame,  yellow  pine  for  back,  21  oz.  glass. 

N.B. — In  this  and  all  future  exercises  you  are  to 
measure  from  your  drawing  the  quantities  and  sizes  of 
the  materials  required,  and  write  them  down  in  the 
form  given  for  the  exercises  in  Part  I. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Write    notes    upon   walnut-trees    and    their 
products. 

2.  Briefly  describe  window-glass. 


LESSON  2ia, 

ANGLE  MIRRORS  WITH  DIVIDED  CIRCLE,  TO 
DETERMINE  THE  NUMBER  OF  IMAGES  FORMED 
WHEN  MIRRORS  ARE  INCLINED  AT  DIFFERENT 
ANGLES. 

The  apparatus  consists  of  two  folding  grooved 
boards  made  to  carry  two  mirrors.  The  mirrors 
can  be  slipped  in  from  the  top,  as  shown  in  the 
drawing. 

The  semicircular  board  is  marked  off  in  degrees 
—o°  to  180°. 

Drawing. — Make  an  elevation  and  plan. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  two  frames  and  base- 
board in  any  suitable  material.  Screw  one  frame 
to  the  base,  and  fasten  the  two  frames  together 
with  a  large  butt  hinge. 


SAWING  AND  CHISELLING 


Fast 
frame. 


FIG.  38. 

LESSON  22. 

OBLIQUE  SAWING  AND  CHISELLING. 


Face  view. 


Section  on 
line  AB. 


FIG.  39. — OBLIQUE  SAWING  AND  CHISELLING. 

Drawing. — A  face  view  and  a  section  on  the 
line  AB  are  shown.  Draw  the  face  view, 
describing  the  angles  with  the  pencil  compasses, 


4  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

and  project  the  edge  view  obtained  when  looking 
in  the  direction  of  the  arrow.  Also  draw  the 
true  shape  of  the  section  on  the  line  CD. 

Benchwork.  —  Material    suggested  :    bass-wood. 
Additional  tool  required,  bevel. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Make  a  sketch  of  the  wing  compasses,  with 
accompanying  notes  on  their  construction  and  uses. 

2.  Write  a  brief  description  of  the  felling   of 
trees,  and  the  methods  used  in  the  conveyance  of 
the  logs. 

3.  State  the  best  time  for  felling  trees,  giving 
the  reason  for  your  answer. 


LESSON  22a. 

A  SIMPLE  OPTICAL  BENCH. 


FIG.  40. 

The   bench  is   grooved  to   carry  the   movable 
supports  for  the  candle,  screen,  and  lens.     The 


MATCH-BOX  BRACKET 


5 


lens  carriage  is  made  of  grooved  metal  strips,  and 
is  so  arranged  that  lenses  of  different  diameters 
can  be  fitted  into  it.  The  bench  is  graduated,  so 
that  when  a  clear  image  is  obtained  on  the  screen, 
the  position  of  the  candle,  lens,  and  screen  can  be 
accurately  read  off. 

Prepare  the  necessary  working   drawings   and 
execute  the  bench. 

LESSON  23. 

MATCH-BOX  BRACKET. 


FIG.  41.— MATCH-BOX  BRACKET. 

View  in  oblique  projection. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Drawing. — Oblique  views  are  shown  of  the  two 
pieces  which  together  form  the  Bracket.  Draw 
front  and  side  elevations  of  the  Bracket,  full  size, 
and  make  a  hand  sketch  of  piece  A. 

Benchwork. — The  choice  of  woods  is  left  to  you  ; 
aim  at  securing  a  pleasing  effect  by  their  combina- 
tion. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Describe  the  materials  used  for  Lesson  23. 

2.  Describe   the    different    kinds    of   oilstones. 
What  kind  of  oil  would  you  use  ?     Why  do  you 
prefer  the  particular  kind  you  mention  ? 

LESSON  23a. 

OSCILLATING  MAGNETOMETER. 


Front  view. 


Wood  cap. 
|"  glass  tube. 


6     Copper  wire  / 
fl      stirrup. 

r  —  ' 

1 

End  view. 


Plan  with  cap  removed. 

FIG.  42. 


KEY- RACK 


The  top,  bottom,  and  ends  of  the  box  are  of 
wood.  Rectangular  pieces  of  glass,  sliding  in 
grooves,  form  the  front  and  back,  and  on  the 
bottom  of  the  box  is  glued  a  rectangular  mirror  ; 
the  top  of  the  glass  tube  is  fitted  with  a  cap,  to 
which  is  attached  a  small  hook,  and  from  this 
is  suspended  a  stirrup  of  bent  copper  wire,  carry- 
ing the  oscillating  magnet  whose  times  of  oscilla- 
tion are  required. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  in  either 
orthographic  or  isometric  projection. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  box  in  some  suitable 
material. 

LESSON  24. 
KEY-RACK. 


Front  elevation. 


Part  plan  of  rail 
end  alone. 


Isometric  view  of  joint  opened. 
FIG.  43. —  KEY-RACK. 


8  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Drawing. — Construct  a  scale  of  two-thirds.  To 
this  scale  copy  the  front  elevation  of  the  Key-Rack 
and  project  its  plan. 

Make  a  freehand  sketch  of  the  joint  used  to 
connect  the  pieces  together. 

Bench-work. — Materials  suggested  :  black  walnut, 
and  i"  brass  escutcheon  pins  for  keys,  button- 
hooks, scissors,  etc.,  to  hang  upon. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Sketch  and  describe  the  bevel. 

2.  Describe    briefly   the    conversion    of  timber 
and  its  seasoning. 

3.  A    chisel    has   a   corner    snapped    off;    how 
would  you  restore  it  to  working  order  ? 

LESSON  24a. 
A  TEST-TUBE  HOLDER. 

The  Test-Tube  Holder  is  provided  with  a  piece  of 
elastic,  which  can  be  obtained  by  cutting  a  small 


Elastic.  - 
Oval  hole  f "  x  g". 


Isometric  view. 

\s 

FIG.  44. 


section  crosswise  from  an  ordinary  piece  of  india- 
rubber  tubing  attached  to  Bunsen  burner. 


BOOK-STAND  9 

Drawing. — Make  a  dimensioned  freehand  sketch 
suitable  to  work  from. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested :  white-wood. 

LESSON  25. 

BOOK-  STAND. 

Drawing. — The  illustration  shows  a  plain 
model  of  a  Book -Stand  in  oblique  projection. 
Prepare  working  drawings  to  a  convenient  scale, 


FIG.  45. — BOOK-STAND. 
View  in  oblique  projection  of  plain  model. 

showing  how  you  intend  jointing  the  pieces 
together,  and  completing  the  design  in  an  artistic 
manner.  You  are  not  to  exceed  the  following 
sizes : 

Length         18" 

Height          12" 

Length  of  foot-pieces         ...          ...         9" 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  mahogany. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Describe  some   of  the  common  faults    met 
with  in  timber. 


io  WOODXVORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

2.  Keep  a  record  of  the  time  taken  in  making 
the  Book-Stand.  If  you  were  paid  at  the  rate  of 
8d.  per  hour,  what  would  be  the  cost  of  labour 
involved  in  making  the  Stand  ? 

LESSON  25a. 

THE  INCLINED  PLANE. 

The  plane  is  made  of  two  long  pieces  of  glass 
tubing,  with  copper  wire  bent  round  to  connect 
them  with  smaller  pieces  of  tubing,  placed  at  the 


FIG.  46. 

top  and  bottom.  The  roller  is  a  piece  of  com- 
bustion tubing,  filled  with  sand  and  corked  at  the 
ends.  A  knitting-needle  passes  through  from  end 
to  end.  Copper  wire  is  bent  round  the  needle  at 
each  end,  and  to  the  middle  of  this  wire  is  attached 
a  string,  to  which  the  scale-pan  is  suspended. 
The  whole  plane  is  fixed,  as  shown  in  the  draw- 
ing, to  a  base-board  provided  with  movable  and 


TRUING-STICK  OR  WINDING  LATH 


ii 


sliding  supports  for  the  variation  of  the  angle  of 
the  plane. 

The  plane  can  be  used  for  horizontal  forces,  by 
replacing  the  top  piece  of  wire  and  tube  with  the 
bent  piece  seen  detached. 

Drawing. — Make  the  necessary  working  draw- 
ings. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  yellow  deal, 
yellow  pine,  or  white-wood,  |"  and  i"  glass  tubing, 
copper  wire,  copper  or  brass  staple. 


LESSON  26. 

TRUING-STICK  OR  WINDING-LATH. 


FIG.  47.— TRUING-STICK. 

View  in  isometric  projection. 

Drawing. — An  isometric  view  is  shown  of  a 
Truing-Stick.  Make  a  dimensioned  hand  sketch 
of  the  Stick  suitable  to  work  from. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  mahogany. 


12  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

QUESTIONS. 

T.  Describe  how  you  secured  a  perfectly  straight 
edge  on  the  Truing-Stick,  and  illustrate  your 
description  with  sketches. 

2.  The  sharpening  bevel  of  a  plane   iron   has 
worn  down.     State  what  you  would  do  to  restore 
it  to  perfect  working  order. 

3.  What  is  meant  by  warping  and  twisting  ? 

LESSON  26a. 

SIMPLE  GALVANOSCOPE  OR  CURRENT  INDICATOR. 


"12* 


FIG.  48.— SIMPLE  GALVANOSCOPE  OR  CURRENT 
INDICATOR. 

This  apparatus  consists  of  a  wooden  framework, 
with  sides  supported  by  glued  blocks.  A  groove 
about  i"  wide  is  cut  underneath  the  bottom  to 


TEE-SQUARE  13 

allow  silk-covered  wire  (which  is  wound  round 
the  frame  ten  or  twelve  times)  to  lie  evenly. 

The  frame  is  fastened  to  a  wooden  base,  having 
first  had  a  groove  cut  in  it  similar  to  the  one  in 
the  bottom  of  the  frame.  The  ends  of  the  wires 
are  attached  to  two  binding  screws. 

A  graduated  paper  scale  is  glued  to  the  bottom, 
care  being  taken  that  the  zero  of  the  scale  is  under 
the  middle  wire. 

Fix  a  sewing-needle  vertically  in  a  small  cork 
so  that  the  point  projects  about  £",  and  then  glue 
the  cork  so  that  the  needle  forms  a  pivot  at  the 
centre  of  the  card. 

Place  a  magnetic  needle  about  2"  long  on  the 
pivot. 

Drawing. — Make  a  working  sketch  of  the  model 
and  prepare  the  paper  scale. 

Benchwork. — (See  description  above.)  Material 
suggested  :  mahogany. 

LESSON  27. 

TEE-SQUARE. 

Drawing. — A  plan  and  elevation  are  shown  of 
the  Tee-Square.  Draw  a  view  in  isometric  pro- 
jection, but  altering  the  dimensions  to  their 
nearest  equivalent  in  the  Metric  System. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  pear-wood  or 
mahogany,  brass  screws  and  glue. 

QUESTIONS. 
i.  Trace  the  sides  of  the  Tee-Square,  AB  and 

2 


i4  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

BC,  measure  to  scale,  draw  a  line  connecting 
A  and  C,  measure  the  line  AC,  and  find  if  the 
square  on  AB  plus  the  square  on  BC  equal  the 
square  on  AC.  If  so,  the  angle  ABC  is  a  right 


Face  view. 


•~Hi# 


Edge  view. 
FIG.  49.— TEE-SQUARE. 

angle,  and  your  Tee-Square  is  exact ;  if  not,  by  the 
aid  of  a  protractor  measure  its  error. 

2.  Describe   the   materials   used   for    the   Tee- 
Square. 

3.  Describe     the     chief    points    of     difference 
between  cone-bearing  and  leafy  timber  trees. 

LESSON  27a. 
A  BURETTE  STAND. 

The  drawing  shows  the  chief  parts  necessary  in 
the  construction.  An  ordinary  hinge  is  screwed  at 
the  back  of  the  carrier  to  allow  the  burette  to  be 
fixed  in  position.  Ordinary  sash  thumb-screws 
are  used  to  clamp  the  movable  piece  to  the 


BURETTE  STAND 


wooden  support,  and  to  keep  the  burette  in  the 
grooved  pieces  or  arms.  The  space  for  the  burette 
is  lined  with  cork,  to  prevent  cracking  if  a  little 
extra  pressure  is  given  to  the  screw, 


FIG.  50. — BURETTE  STAND. 

Drawing. — Make  an  elevation  and  plan  full  size. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested:  any  moderately 
hard  wood.  The  hole  nearest  the  head  of  the  left- 
hand  thumb-screw  must  be  elongated  horizontally,, 
to  allow  the  hinged  arm  to  move  easily. 


2 — 2 


i6 


LESSON  28. 


Drawing. — i.  Construct  a  triangle  having  a  base 
4!"  long,  and  the  angles  at  the  base  90°  and  60° 
respectively. 

2.  The  length  of  each  of  two  sides  of  a  triangle 
is  4!",  and  their  contained  angle  90°.     Complete 
the  triangle  and  figure  the  number  of  degrees  con- 
tained in  the  remaining  two  angles. 

3.  Describe  a  circle  of  %"  radius  in  the  centre  of 
both  triangles ;  draw  edge  views  of  both  triangles, 
making    them    -fV'   thick,  and   give   each    a   title 
descriptive  of  its  use  when  made  in  wood. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested :  pear-wood. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What   are   the   properties   of    the   triangles 
mentioned  in  Lesson  28  ? 

2.  Determine  the  areas  of  both  triangles. 

3.  What   is  the   hypotenuse  of  a  right-angled 
triangle  ?     What  relation  does  it  bear  to  the  other 
two  sides  ? 

LESSON  28a. 

APPARATUS  To  SHOW  THE  LAWS  OF  REFLECTION 
OF  LIGHT  FROM  PLANE  MIRRORS. 

A  piece  of  blackened  cardboard  or  thin  wood, 
on  which  white  numbers  (representing  angles  in 
degrees)  are  painted,  is  bent  round  a  semicircular 
base-board.  In  the  centre  of  the  cardboard  a 
slit  is  made,  to  allow  rays  of  light  to  enter  from 
a  candle  or  lamp  placed  at  the  back.  A  small 


17 

toy  mirror,   C,   is  fixed  to  the   movable  wooden 
indicator,  B. 

Drawing. — Prepare  elevation  and  plan,  and 
where  a  turning  lathe  is  provided,  prepare  a  full- 
size  design  of  one  leg. 


MB5D4050  20  I0r*-j  1.0  20  30  40  50  STB 

A!' 


Elevation. 


Plan. 


FIG.  51. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  base-board  and  triangular 
framing  in  white-wood.  If  wood  is  used  for  index- 
board,  it  should  be  of  ash  or  other  pliable  timber, 
and  should  be  steamed  before  being  bent. 

Make  the  legs  out  of  beech,  and,  if  no  lathe  is 
available,  make  them  octagonal  or  square  and 
tapered  in  section. 


i8 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  29. 

SOAP-TRAY. 

Drawing. — Determine  the  dimensions  of  a  block 
of  soap,  and  prepare  working  drawings  of  a  Soap- 
Dish  to  hold  it,  using  Metric  measurements.  The 
dish  is  to  have  an  open  front,  and  the  bottom  is  to 
be  grooved  with  a  gouge  and  sloped  towards  the 
back,  to  prevent  any  accumulation  of  water. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested :  sycamore  and 
brass  screws. 

End  views. 
B 


FIG.  52. — SHRINKAGE  OF  TIMBER. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Describe    sycamore    and    maple    trees   and 
their  products,  calling  attention  to  any  differences 
between  the  two  trees  of  which  you  are  aware. 

2.  Say  what  you  know  of  the  different  kinds  of 
gouges  with  which  you  are  acquainted. 

3.  Three  tree-trunks  are  suggested  in  section  by 
the   dotted    lines   in   the   sketches   A,    B    and    C 
(Fig.  52).     The  heavy  lines  indicate  the  shape  of 
some  timber  cut  from  the  trees.     Show  by  sketches 
the  effect  of  shrinkage  on  these  pieces,  and  give 
reasons  to  account  for  the  change  of  shape  which 
would  take  place  in  each  case. 


BOX  TO  CARRY  LEYDEN  JAR  BATTERY      19 


LESSON  2pa. 

BOX   TO   CARRY   LEYDEN  JAR    BATTERY   OF   FOUR. 

The  bottom  of  the  box  is  lined  with  tinfoil,  and 
a  thin  strip  is  placed  up  the  side  to  touch  the 
inner  points  of  the  metal  handle,  which  is  screwed 


Detail 

of  angle 

joint. 


Detail  of  division, 

showing  joint 

at  centre. 


Handle  with  screws 
through  to  foil  and 
chain  suspended 
from  handle. 


Isometric  view. 


FIG.  53.— Box  FOR  LEYDEN  JARS. 

on  from  the  outside.  A  chain  is  fixed  to  the 
handle  of  such  a  length  as  to  allow  it  to  touch 
the  bench  when  the  box  is  placed  in  position. 

Drawing. — Prepare  elevations  and  plan  to  scale 
of  half  full  size,  and  make  freehand  sketches  of 
the  joints  to  be  used. 

Benchwork, — Make    the    box    in    any    suitable 


20 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


material,  gluing  the  joints  together  and  securing 
the  bottom  on  to  the  sides  with  screws. 


L 

,ESSON  29! 

COLLAR-BOX. 

>. 

'<*= 

— 

» 

1 

W 
| 

//.  

r>\\ 

•» 

.* 

t 
ij 

*.-.•,.' 

*      ' 

r 

y/ 

Elevation . 


Plan. 


FIG.  54.— COLLAR-BOX,  HANDKERCHIEF-BOX,  TIE-BOX. 

Top  may  be  carved,  or  designs  may  be  applied  in  Brushwork, 

in  Gesso,  or  Repousse. 
For  details  of  angle  joints,  see  Lesson  2ga. 

Boxes  for  other  purposes — to  contain  ties,  hand- 
kerchiefs, jewels,  etc. — may  be  substituted  for  the 
collar-box. 

The  lid  and  sides  of  the  box  offer  opportunities 
for  the  application  of  decorative  design  by  means 
of  Brushwork,  Gesso,  Repousse,  or  Carving. 

Drawings — Make  an  isometric  drawing  of  the 
box  you  have  chosen  to  make.  Show  freehand 


COLLAR-BOX 


21 


sketches  of  the  corner  joints.  The  lid  is  not 
hinged,  but  is  kept  in  place  by  two  ledges  nailed 
or  screwed  to  it. 

Benchwork. — The  kind  of  material  to  be  used 
should  be  that  which  is  best  adapted  to  whatever 
decorative  treatment  is  decided  upon. 

White-wood  and  bass-wood  are  suitable  for 
Brushwork  and  Gesso;  white-wood,  oak,  kauri, 
walnut,  etc.,  for  Carving. 

LESSON  SO- 
NET-PEG. 


Plan. 

FIG.  55.— NET-PEG. 


22 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Drawing. — Draw  the  plan  first,  then  project  the 
two  elevations  from  it.     Scale,  half  size. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  beech,    strip- 
iron,  and  flat-headed  nails. 

The  |"  hole  should  be  bored  before  working  the 
hexagonal  prism. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Say  what  you  know  of  the  beech. 

2.  What  is  the  object  of  the  iron  band  on  the 
net-peg  ?     Make  a  drawing  in  your  notebook  to 
determine  the  length  of  the  band  of  iron  required 
to  go  round  the  top  of  the  peg. 

LESSON  soa. 

LEYDEN  JARS  FOR  PREVIOUS  BATTERY-BOX. 

Diagram  of  jar-heads  connected 
together. 


Vertical  cross-section 
through  wooden  lid. 


Plan. 


FIG.  56.— LEYDEN  JARS  FOR  PREVIOUS  BATTERY-BOX. 


DESK  RULER  23 

Drawing. — Make  freehand  sketches  to  illustrate 
what  is  required  for  this  lesson. 

Benchwork. — Take  four  ordinary  glass  pickle- 
jars  ;  line  the  sides  and  bottom  inside  and  out 
with  tinfoil.  The  sides  are  lined  to  within  2"  of 
the  top  of  the  jar. 

Make  a  wooden  circular  top  to  fit  each  jar. 
Through  this  screw  a  long  screw  with  large  head, 
and  attach  a  metal  chain  to  the  lower  end,  of  such 
a  length  that  it  touches  the  bottom  of  the  jar. 

Place  the  jars  in  position  in  the  box,  and  connect 
the  screws  by  means  of  copper  wire. 


LESSON  SI- 
DESK    RULER. 


Isometric  views. 


(i)  Squared 
stage. 


(2)  Octagonal 
stage. 


(3)  Cylindrical 
stage. 


End  view, 


End  view  at 

octagonal 

stage. 

Diagram  for 
obtaining 
isometric 
circle. 


FIG.  57.— DESK  RULER. 


Drawing. — Draw  the  end  elevation  shown,  and 
project  from  it  a  side  elevation  14"  long.  The 
three  isometric  views  show  the  three  stages  of 
manufacture.  Copy  these  three  views  full  size. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Bench-work.  —  Material 
black  walnut. 


suggested :    American 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  Determine  the  area  of  the  end  of  the  ruler. 

2.  Find  the  volume  of  the  ruler. 

3.  Prepare  a  piece  of  paper  to  cover  the  curved 
surface    of    the    cylinder    without     overlapping. 
What    geometrical   figure    does   the    paper   now 
represent  ?     Find  its  area,  and  from  your  observa- 
tions give  a  formula  which  represents  the  area  of 
the  curved  surface  of  the  cylinder. 


LESSON 

A  PIPETTE  STAND. 

Elevation. 


Plan  of  upper 


shelf. 


Plan  of  lower 
shelf. 


FIG.  .58.— A  PIPETTE  STAND. 


MALLET  25 

Drawing. — Draw  the  three  views  shown,  and 
project  a  complete  plan  from  the  elevation. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  stem  and  base 
of  white  wood,  shelves  of  mahogany. 

The  stem  to  be  mortised,  and  fox- wedged  into 
base. 

The  shelves  are  supported  by  cylindrical  pegs. 


LESSON  3ib. 
MALLET. 

Drawing. — Prepare  a  plan,  an  elevation,  and  a 
section  to  explain  the  joint  of  the  mallet. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  beech  or  ash. 


Cross  section 
through 
handle. 


Longitudinal  section 

through  head,  showing 

fox-wedge  jointing. 


Plan. 


FIG.  59. — MALLET. 


26 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  32. 

LETTER  E. 

Drawing.  —  Make  full  detailed  working  drawings, 
full  size,  in  any  form  of  projection  you  choose 
other  than  that  shown. 

Benchwork.  —  Before    commencing    your   work, 


FIG.  60. — LETTER  E. 

Mortising  and  tenoning  exercise.     View  in  oblique  projection 
of  joints  apart. 

weigh  the  piece  of  wood,  and  make  a  note  of  its 
weight  in  your  notebook. 

Material  suggested  :  yellow  pine. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Give  the  names  of  any  parts  of  the  Manual 
Training- Room  where  you  have  noticed  any  of  the 
joints  of  Lesson  32  used. 


MAGNETOMETER 


27 


2.  Make  sketches  of  Rip,  Hand,  Tenon,  and  Bow 
saws,  showing  distinctly  the  form  of  the  teeth  of 
each. 

3.  Describe  the  Mortise  gauge. 

4.  Weigh  the  wood  after   working  the  model. 
How  much  has  been  lost  in  working  ? 

LESSON  32a. 
MAGNETOMETER. 

An  instrument  for  comparing  the  relative  inten- 
sities of  magnetic  poles. 

It  consists  of  a  shallow  box,  the  two  graduated 
arms  forming  part  of  the  bottom.  Two  of  the 


FIG.  61. — MAGNETOMETER. 
Jsometric  view. 

sides  of  the  box  have  their  top  edges  rebated  to 
receive  a  piece  of  glass. 

The  magnet  is  placed  on  the  graduated  arms 


28 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


which  point  east  and  west.  The  magnetic  needle 
is  fixed  on  a  fine-pointed  needle,  and  moves  round 
the  paper  scale  marked  in  degrees.  The  magnetic 
needle  should  be  so  suspended  that  it  moves  with 
as  little  friction  as  possible. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  the 
magnetometer,  introducing  the  most  suitable  joint 
of  the  three  in  Lesson  32. 

Benchwork. — Execute  the  model  in  what  you 
consider  suitable  material. 

LESSON  33. 

TRY-  SQ]UARE. 

Face  view. 


I. 


Detail  in  isometric  projection, 
showing  joints  apart. 

FIG.  62. — WOOD-SQUARE. 

Drawing. — Make   a  rough  dimensioned  sketch 
from  an  actual  try-square,  and  from  your  sketch 


PARALLELOGRAM  OF  FORCES 


29 


only,  and  without  reference  to  the  square  itself, 
prepare  all  the  necessary  working  drawings. 
Bench-work. — Material  suggested  :  mahogany. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Describe  briefly  the  sharpening  of  saws. 

2.  Show  by  sketches  how  you  would  test  the 
accuracy  of  a  try-square,  and  apply  those  tests  to 
the  model  you  have  made. 

LESSON  ssa. 

A  STAND  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE  PARALLELOGRAM 
OF  FORCES. 

Front  elevation.  Side  elevation. 


3o  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

The  arms  of  the  wooden  stand  are  fitted  with 
small  pulleys,  round  which  string  passes.  At- 
tached to  the  string  are  small  pans  or  pill-boxes 
to  carry  the  different  weights  used  as  the  forces. 
Behind  the  stand  a  drawing-board  is  fixed,  to 
which  a  sheet  of  drawing-paper  is  fastened.  The 
drawing-board  is  fixed  by  means  of  cleats,  which 
allow  the  board  to  be  easily  removed.  Part  of 
the  diagram  can  be  traced  out  on  the  drawing- 
paper  when  the  board  is  in  position,  and  the 
parallelogram  afterwards  completed  to  scale.  The 
resultant  is  obtained  by  measuring  the  length  of 
the  diagonal,  each  unit  of  length  representing  the 
unit  of  weight  decided  upon  when  commencing 
the  experiment. 

Drawing. — Prepare  the  necessary  working  draw- 
ings of  the  stand  with  sketches  of  the  joints. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  stand  in  some  suitable 
material. 

LESSON  34. 
WOOD  PUZZLE. 

Face  view. 


Section  on  line  AB. 
FIG.  64.— WOOD  PUZZLE. 


MODEL  OF  THE  CAPSTAN 


Drawing. — A  face  view  and  section  on  AB  are 
shown.  Draw  a  view  in  isometric  projection,  full 
size.  Make  a  freehand  sketch  of  a  block  of  wood 
which  will  fit  each  of  the  three  holes. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  oak. 

The  circular  hole  to  be  worked  with  a  centre- 
bit  and  scribing  gouge. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Give  a  brief  description  of  oak. 

2.  How  would  you  convert  a  log  of  oak  into 
boards  so  as  to  show  the  medullary  rays  to  their 
best  advantage  ? 

LESSON  34a. 
MODEL  OF  THE  CAPSTAN. 


View  of  part  of 
underside,  show- 
ing ratchet. 


Elevation. 


Plan. 


FIG.  6;.— CAPSTAN. 


3—2 


32  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

This  model  can  be  used  to  illustrate  in  a  modi- 
fied form  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle. 

In  the  capstan  the  axle  is  represented  by  the 
barrel,  and  the  effort  is  applied  at  one  or  more 
points  in  a  horizontal  direction  by  means  of  the 
handspike. 

Drawing.  —  Make  working  sketches  of  the 
model  and  a  carefully-drawn  detail  of  the  ratchet 
mechanism. 

Benchwork. — Where  a  lathe  is  available,  the 
barrel  may  be  turned.  The  ratchet  wheel  and 
catch  may  be  shaped  from  pieces  of  brass. 


LESSON   35- 

FOOTSTOOL. 


Front  view. 

End  view. 

1 

I 

I 

.;      ;  ;      ; 

~] 

3- 

h 

ft 

( 

r 

Y 

FIG.  66. — FOOTSTOOL. 

Drawing. — Construct  a  scale  of  one-third. 

To  this  scale  draw  three  orthographic  views  of  a 
footstool,  involving  the  same  principles  of  con- 
struction as  that  shown  in  the  two  given  views  of 
a  plain  stool.  You  may  adopt  any  design  and  any 


A  WHEATSTONE  BRIDGE 


33 


dimensions  you  consider  suitable.     Make  freehand 
sketches  of  the  joints  used. 

Bench-work. — Material  suggested  :  white-wood. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  points  of  difference  are  there  between 
the  trees  and  timbers  of  the  white-wood  and  bass- 
wood? 

2.  If  |"  white- wood  is  sold   at   4^d.    per   foot 
super,  what  will  be  the  cost  of  the   timber   for 
twenty  footstools  ? 

3.  Suppose  you  are  paid  at  the  rate  of  8|d.  per 
hour  for  your  labour,  give  the  cost  of  the  footstool 
in  time  and  material  (the  latter  to  be  determined 
in  accordance  with  Question  2). 

LESSON  35a. 

A  WHEATSTONE  BRIDGE. 


-<  17'  ^ 

T 

(ft 

R    h@       1/2  ^>6'               ;;   A                           ©N|   ^ 

(r 

* 

o'-* 

B 

P 

:Cr. 

Oe          ---- 

^  n 

'*t 

^,re  o«d5r-tt-         IJI 

X 

•0 

„  -  - 

n 

/^\ 

© 

^ 

n 

*-3c«ct  or  SOOMKis-S 

-24 


Plan. 
FIG.  67.— A  WHEATSTONE  BRIDGE. 

This  consists  of  a  deal  board,  2'  X  4''  X  |",  planed 
smooth  both  sides.  Three  pieces  of  copper  or 
brass,  one  17"  X  £"  x  £",  and  the  remaining  two 


34  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

3"  X  |"  X  £".  File  off  rough  edges  and  polish. 
Solder  a  rather  thick  copper  wire  to  the  middle  of 
each  piece  underneath,  as  shown,  one  24"  long  and 
the  other  30"  long,  and  a  short  one  from  top  left 
hand  binding  -  screw  to  brass  plate  of  8"  long. 
Each  piece  of  brass  should  be  filed  across  the 
middle,  so  that  the  wire,  when  soldered,  lies  flush 
with  the  surface.  Drill  holes  near  the  ends  of  the 
brass  pieces  large  enough  to  carry  a  binding-screw. 
Also  drill  smaller  holes  at  D  and  E.  Place  the 
pieces  on  the  board  so  that  the  inner  edges  of  B 
and  C  are  exactly  50  centimetres  apart,  and  mark 
the  position  of  the  holes  by  pushing  a  bradawl 
through  ;  then  mark  a  place  on  the  board  at  the 
points  where  the  wires  spring  from  the  pieces. 
Remove  the  brass  pieces,  and  bore  holes  through 
the  board  at  the  marked  places. 

Now  solder  a  piece  of  German  silver  wire  to  the 
ends  of  the  left  and  right  brass  pieces,  so  that  it 
is  exactly  50  centimetres  long  between  them. 
Pass  the  end  of  the  wire  attached  to  A  through 
the  hole  in  the  board  at  that  point ;  pull  the  wire, 
and  then  fasten  the  brass  in  place  by  means  of  the 
binding-screws  M  and  N.  Similarly,  after  passing 
the  wires  from  the  middle  of  B  and  C  through  the 
holes,  fasten  one  end  of  each  piece  by  the  binding- 
screws  at  R  and  S.  Now  place  the  other  ends  of  B 
and  C  so  that  the  wire  W  is  rather  tight,  and  then 
fasten  them  in  position  by  the  screws  D  and  E. 

Make  two  holes  through  the  board  at  T  and  T', 
and  then,  turning  the  board  over,  make  a  groove 


MARKING-GAUGE 


35 


from  B  to  T'  for  the  wire  to  lie  in,  and  another 
from  C  to  T.  Stretch  the  wires  (shown  by  dotted 
lines),  and  place  their  ends  in  the  holes,  so  that 
they  are  in  metallic  contact  with  the  two  binding- 
screws  fixed  at  T  and  T'.  Place  a  scale,  divided 
into  500  millimetres,  from  end  of  wire  W. 

LESSON  36. 

MARKING-GAUGE. 


FIG.  68. — MAKKltfG-GAUGE. 
Isometric  view. 

Drawing. — An  isometric  view  of  the  Gauge  is 
given.  Draw  three  orthographic  views,  full  size, 
and  give  sketches  of  the  spur  and  wedge. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  beech. 
QUESTIONS. 

i.  What  are  the  products  of  the  Beech-tree 
commonly  used  for  ? 


3*6  WOODW'ORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Why  are  a  Jack-Plane  and  a  Smoothing- P'lanfe 
•each  fitted  wkh  two  irons  •? 


LESSON  3ba. 

A  FILTER-STAND  TO  CARRY  Two  FUNNELS. 


Plan. 


FIG.  69. — FILTER  STAND. 

Drawing, — Prepare  fall-size  working  drawings. 
Benchwork, — A  cross  section  of  the  stem  shows 
a  cam-like  shape  ;  the  support  for  the  funnels  is 


DRAIN  ING-STAND 


37 


•fitted  to  this  cam  in  such  a  manner  that  a  slight 
horizontal  turn  looses  it,  allowing  the  support  to 
be  adjusted  to  any  height.  The  base  and  stem 
are  glued  and  pinned  together. 

LESSON  37. 

DRAINING-STAND. 


Part  side  elevation. 


End  elevation. 


Oblique  view  of  end 
of  one  lagging. 


Oblique  view  of  foot-piece. 
FIG.  70.— DRAINING-STAND. 

Drawing. — Draw  the  two  elevations  a?  shown, 
and  in  place  of  the  given  oblique  views  of  the 
details  draw  them  in  isometric  projection. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  elm  for  feet, 
white  deal  for  laggings. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Describe  the  tree  and  wood  of  the  Elm, 
stating  any  special  peculiarity  it  possesses.  For 
what  reason  is  it  chosen  for  the  draining-board  ? 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


2.  Make  a  parcel  of  the  draining-stand,  and 
state  what  it  would  cost  to  send  it  to  Chicago, 
U.S.A. 

LESSON  37a. 

DIFFERENTIAL  AIR  THERMOMETER. 


View  in 
oblique 
projection. 


Cogged 
joint. 


FIG.  71. — DIFFERENTIAL  AIR  THERMOMETER. 

This,  consists  of  the  wooden  stand,  provided 
with  glass  tubing,  bent  as  shown.  The  end  pieces 
are  blown  into  bulbs  and  fitted  to  the  bent  U-tube 
by  means  of  india-rubber  tubing.  A  paper  scale  is 
pasted  on  the  stand  in  such  a  way  that  the  move- 


INKSTAND 


39 


ments  of  the  liquid,  placed  in  the  bend  of  the 
U-tube,  can  be  read  easily. 

Drawing. — A  view  in  oblique  projection  is 
shown. 

Draw  two  elevations  and  a  plan.  Make  hand 
sketches  of  the  joints. 

Benchwork. — The  top  and  upright  pieces  are 
dowelled  together,  as  shown  by  detail  A;  the 
lower  end  of  the  upright  piece  is  bridled  into 
lower  rail  (see  detail  B),  and  the  rail  is  cogged  to 
the  edges  of  the  foot-piece  (see  detail  C). 

LESSON  38. 

INKSTAND. 


Face  view 
of  one  pen 
support. 


Isome- 
tric 
view. 


FIG.  72. — INKSTAND. 

D "awing. — A  plain  model  of  the  Inkstand  is 
shown  in  isometric  projection,  and  enlarged  details 
are  shown  of  the  parts. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Draw  two  elevations  and  a  plan,  adopting  what 
you  consider  to  be  suitable  sizes. 

Benchwork. — Material  suggested  :  mahogany  or 
walnut. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  In  what  way  is  wood  valuable  commercially 
other  than  as  timber  ? 

2.  If  Mahogany  is  sold  at  8s.  6d.  per  cubic  foot, 
what  is  the  value  of  the  timber  needed  for  twenty 
inkstands  like  the  one  you  have  made  ? 


LESSON  s8a. 

AN  ELECTRIC  Box. 


Side  elevation. 


Isometric  view  of 
tongued  and  grooved 
€|?  angle  joint  separated. 


Section  on 
line  AB. 


Plan. 


FIG.  73. — ELECTRIC  Box. 

Drawing. — Make  an  isometric  view  of  the  box, 
and  a  freehand  sketch  of  tongued  and  grooved 
joint.  This  model  is  intended  to  illustrate  three 


ELECTRIC  BOX  41 

principles  in  Statical  Electricity :  (a)  The  genera- 
tion of  electricity  by  friction ;  (6)  the  attraction 
of  non-electrified  bodies  by  a  charged  body ; 
(c)  the  repulsion  of  bodies  charged  with  like 
electricity. 

(a)  The  glass  cover  on  being  rubbed  with  silk, 
woollen  leather,  or  fur,  becomes  charged  with 
electricity. 

(6)  Pith  balls,  grains  of  charcoal,  bits  of  paper, 
or  other  light  bodies  inside  the  box,  are  drawn  up 
to  the  glass  cover. 

(c)  The  light  bodies,  as  soon  as  they  become 
charged  as  in  (6),  suddenly  shoot  off  the  glass, 
and  discharge  their  electricity  on  the  tinfoil. 

Benchwork. — The  sides  and  ends  are  tongued 
and  cross-grooved  jointed,  glued,  and  nailed 
together ;  two  pieces  to  support  the  glass  are 
glued  to  the  sides,  and  the  bottom  nailed  on  to 
the  sides  and  ends. 

Before  nailing,  the  parts  should  be  sand-papered 
and  the  tinfoil  glued  to  the  bottom,  the  glue  being 
spread  on  the  bottom  rather  than  on  the  tinfoil. 

LESSON  39. 

FlRE-SCREEN. 

Drawing. — Two  elevations  of  a  fire-screen  and 
enlarged  details  of  the  joints  are  given.  Prepare 
the  necessary  working  drawings,  making  any 
alterations  in  the  ornamental  parts  of  the  design 
you  think  desirable. 


42  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Benchwork. — Material   suggested :    oak    or    ma- 
hogany. 

Front  elevation.  Side  elevation. 


ft. 

Panel  of 

pleated  silk, 

painted  glass, 

metal  repousse, 

4 

leaded  light, 

•>—  -;  v 

carved  wood,  or 

bent  ironwork 

with  silk  or 

embroidered 

iO 

background. 

C\J 

B 

1  . 

§ 

i          '                                                                    I 

11                                           b 

C 

\£^u 

l'5  -  9"- 

FlG.   74. — FIRE-SCREEN. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Make  a  freehand  sketch  of  a  vertical  section 
of  a  Jack- Plane,  in  exact  working  order,  the  section 
to  be  taken  in  the  centre  from  nose  to  heel  (City 
and  Guilds,  1901). 


FIRE  SCREEN 


43 


Stile. 


Foot. 


Top  rail. 


Angle 

;     dovetail 

joint. 


FIG.   75.  — FIRE-SCREEN. 
Details  of  joints  at  A  and  C. 


Lower  rail. 


Stile. 


Barefaced 
tenon  and 
mortise  joint, 
draw-bored 
and  pinned. 


Pin. 


FIG.  76. — FIRE-SCREEN. 
Detail  of  joint  at  B. 


44 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON 

APPARATUS  TO  PROVE  BOYLE'S  LAW  FOR  PRESSURES 
GREATER  OR  LESS  THAN  ONE  ATMOSPHERE. 

Side  elevation.        Front  elevation. 


Plan. 


FIG.  77. — BOYLE'S  LAW  APPARATUS. 

Drawing. — Prepare  what  you  consider  to  be  the 
necessary  working  drawings. 


BOYLE'S  LAW  APPARATUS 


45 


Benchwork. — The  glass  tubes  are  burettes,  to 
which  india-rubber  tubing  is  attached,  and  made 
fast  by  copper  wire  wound  round  the  parts  of  the 
burettes  which  fit  in  the  tubing.  The  tube  on 
the  right  is  moved  up  and  down  by  means  of  the 
wooden  carriage  to  which  it  is  fixed,  and  the 
height  of  the  mercury  in  each  tube  is  readily 
ascertained  by  noting  the  levels  on  the  divided 
scale. 


Burette  tap. 

Burette  tube.   

Metal  clip.  


Glass  tube. 


Metal  clip. 
Set-screw. 
Sliding  carrier. 


Rubber  tubing.  — , 


FIG.  78. 

The  base  and  upright  are  dovetail  tongued  and 
grooved  together ;  the  upright  is  supported  by  a 
bracket  piece,  to  which  it  is  screwed. 

The  drawings  show  the  construction  of  the 
carriage,  part  of  which  slides  in  the  dovetail  groove 
of  the  upright. 

4 


46  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

LESSON  40. 

MODEL  OF  ORIGINAL  DESIGN. 

Drawings. — Prepare  drawings  of  a  model  of 
your  own  design,  together  with  a  list  of  materials 
required. 

Benchwork.—When  your  drawings  are  approved, 
work  your  model  in  the  material  you  have 
suggested. 


BILLING   AND   SONS,    LTD.,    PRINTERS,    GU1LDFORD 


CONTENTS 


PART  III 

LESSON  PAGE 

41.  MITRED  PICTURE-FRAME  -  -      i 
4iA.  PHOTOGRAPHIC  PRINTING-FRAME  2 

42.  DROP-LEAF  BRACKET  3 
42A.  HYGROSCOPE  5 

43.  COMMON  ANGLE  DOVETAIL  JOINT  APPLIED  TO 

CORNER  BRACKET  -      6 

43A.  AN  UNDERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL-  7 

43B.  MOTH-TRAP  AND  MOUNTING-BOARDS  9 

44.  HAMMER-SHAFT     -  10 
44A.  AN  OVERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL  11 

45.  LETTER-RACK  12 
45A.  APPARATUS  FOR  DETERMINATION  OF  INTENSITY 

OF  GRAVITY  13 

46.  BAT-AND-BALL  TRAP  14 
46A.  PHOTOMETER  -  15 

47.  BAT  FOR  BALL-TRAP  16 
47A.  SONOMETER  17 

48.  BOOK-STAND  19 
48A.  ELECTRICAL  BATTERY  21 

49.  BRUSH-BRACKET  AND  MIRROR-FRAME  -               22 
49A.  SCALE  -  BOARD    FOR    USE   WITH    REFLECTING 

GALVANOMETER  -  24 
iii 


iv  CONTENTS 

LESSON  PAGE 

50.  DWARF-STAND  26 
SOA.  TANGENT  GALVANOMETER  28 

51.  CHESS-BOARD  -    29 
5 1 A.  MIRROR  GALVANOMETER  -  30 

52.  NEEDLEWORK  CABINET     -  32 
5 2 A.  A  SIMPLE  ASTATIC  GALVANOMETER  34 

53.  BOOK-SUPPORT       -  -    36 
53A.  INDUCTION  COIL  FOR  TELEPHONE  37 

54.  SHAVING-CABINET  -  38 
54A.  TRANSMITTER  OF  TELEPHONE  41 

55.  GONG-STAND  43 
55A.  RECEIVER  OF  TELEPHONE  44 

56.  TRAY  -    46 
56A.  INDUCTION  COIL  47 

57.  CRUMB-TRAY  49 
57A.  AN  ELECTRIC  BELL  50 

58.  DROP-LEAF  TABLE  52 
$8A.  WINDING  MACHINE   FOR    ELECTRICAL  REELS, 

ETC.  -    53 

59.  CHAIR  54 
59A.  ORIGINAL  SCIENTIFIC  MODEL  55 

60.  ORIGINAL  MODEL  -  55 

The  authors  are  indebted  to  the  MANUAL  TRAINING 
MAGAZINE  of  America  for  the  suggestion  of  models  42  a, 
48a,  and  $6a. 


WOODWORK   FOR   SCHOOLS 


PART  III 

LESSON  41. 

MITRED  PICTURE-FRAME. 

DRAWING. — You  may  bring  a  picture  or  a  piece 
of  mirror-plate  to  be  framed. 

Design  a  section  of  moulding,  and  project  from 


Elevation  of  one 
angle. 


Simple  sections  for 
picture-moulding. 


(a)  Glued  and    (b)  Glued  and     (c)  Glued  and  keyed 
nailed.  slip-feathered.  at  back. 

FIG.  79. — MITRED  PICTURE-FRAME. 
Oblique  views  of  alternative  jointing. 

your   section   the   elevation    of  the    frame.     The 
sections  given  are  merely  suggestive. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Benchwork.  —  Prepare  the  moulding,  mitre 
together,  and  secure  with  glue  and  nails,  or  by  the 
insertion  of  a  piece  of  veneer  in  a  saw-kerf  in  the 
angle. 

Heavier  frames  may  be  keyed  at  the  back,  as 
shown  by  c  in  Fig.  79. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Show  a  vertical  section  through  the  centre  of 
a  gluepot. 

2.  Why  should  the  inner  vessel  have  its  lower 
part  in  water  ? 

LESSON  4ia. 
PHOTOGRAPHIC  PRINTING-FRAME. 

Drawing.  —  Prepare  working  drawings  or 
sketches  of  the  Frame,  making  freehand  sketches 
of  the  jointing. 


''•'    / 


FIG.  80.— PHOTOGRAPHIC  PRINTING-FRAME. 


DROP-LEAF  BRACKET 


Benchwork. — The  Frame  is  to  be  mitred,  mor- 
tised, and  tenoned  together,  rebated  and  chamfered, 
and  mortises  prepared  for  the  keeper  ledges  ;  the 


Oblique  view  of 
one  side. 


FIG.  81. — PHOTOGRAPHIC  PRINTING-FRAME. 

latter  are  to  be  rounded  on  the  side  adjacent  to 
the  back  piece,  so  as  to  act  like  springs. 

Wood  suggested :  mahogany  for  frame,  any 
kind  of  wood  for  back,  and  ash  for  keeper  ledges. 

LESSON  42. 

DROP-LEAF  BRACKET. 

Drawing. — From  the  plain  model  views  draw 
and  design  a  Drop- Leaf  Bracket. 

The  maximum  sizes  are  to  be  as  follows  : 

Length,  2'  6"  ;  height,  3'  6" ;  projection  from 
wall,  i'  8". 

Benchwork. — The  two  pieces  forming  the  back 
are  to  be  mortised  and  tenoned  together. 

I — 2 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


The  horizontal  part  of  the  back  is  screwed  to 
the  fixed  part  of  the  top  ;  to  the  latter  the  remain- 
ing portion  of  the  shelf  is  hinged. 

The  cantilever  piece  is  tenoned  into  the  back 
and  draw-bore  pinned,  with  a  bracket  underneath. 


Isometric  view. 


Detail  of 
joint  of  back- 
rail  and 
upright. 


Detail  of 
bracket- 
strut. 


Detail  of  joint  of 
upright,  cantilever 
piece,  and  small 
bracket  piece. 

FIG.  82. — DROP-LEAF  BRACKET. 

The  pivoted  bracket  is  framed,  the  joint  at  the 
right  angle  being  dovetail  tenoned.  The  upper 
end  of  the  compression  bar  is  dovetail  halved,  and 
the  lower  end  tenoned,  notched,  and  pinned. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  brass? 

2.  How  can  it  be  softened  for  easier  working, 
and  how  hardened  again  ? 


HYGROSCOPE  5 

LESSON  42a. 
HYGROSCOPE. 

The  Hygroscope  serves  as  a  weather  indicator, 
in  so  far  as  it  responds  to  the  humidity  of  the 
atmosphere.  The  violin  string  absorbs  moisture 
from  the  air  and  untwists,  thus  causing  the  man  to 
come  out.  When  the  air  becomes  dry,  the  string 
twists  tighter,  thus  causing  the  woman  to  come 


FIG.  83.— HYGROSCOPE. 

out.  The  Hygroscope  should  be  placed  out  of 
doors,  but  not  exposed  to  rain  or  sunshine. 

Drawing.  —  Prepare  the  necessary  working 
drawings. 

Bench-work. — Nail  the  back  to  the  sides  and 
screw  on  the  front ;  fit  and  fix  the  roof,  nailing 
into  the  sides  and  back  only. 

Nail  the  bottom  on,  and  fix  the  chimney.     Fix 


6  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

the  dowels,  one  into  the  chimney,  the  other  into 
the  platform,  and  secure  the  violin  string  by  means 
of  glue  and  wedges  into  the  ends  of  the  dowels. 

The  figures  may  be  modelled  in  cardboard,  clay, 
or  wood  ;  or  they  may  be  cast  in  plaster  of  Paris. 

LESSON  43. 

COMMON  ANGLE  DOVETAIL  JOINT  APPLIED 
TO  CORNER  BRACKET. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  a  corner 
bracket ;  the  angle  of  the  two  bracket  pieces  is  to 
be  jointed  as  shown  in  isometric. 


Elevation. 


Enlarged  detail  of  common 
angle  dovetail  joint. 


i  to  6  :  Suggestions  for  treat- 
ment of  shelf. 


7  to  13  :  Suggestions  for  treat- 
ment of  bracket. 


FIG.  84. — CORNER  BRACKET. 


AN  UNDERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL  7 

Draw  orthographic  views  of  the  joint  shown  in 
Fig.  84. 

Various  forms  for  the  treatment  of  the  shelf 
and  bracket  pieces  are  shown  ;  you  may  adopt  or 
modify  any  of  these  as  you  think  best. 

Benchwork. — The  bracket  pieces  are  to  be  dove- 
tailed together  and  glued ;  the  shelf  and  bracket 
pieces  to  be  screwed  together. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Classify   the    following    timbers    under   the 
headings  of  (a)   Conifers  and    (b~)    Leafy  Timber 
Trees : 

Virginian  Red  Cedar,  Beech,  Ash,  Yellow  Deal, 
Spruce  Fir,  Oak,  Yellow  Pine,  Elm,  Teak,  Walnut, 
Larch,  Whitewood,  and  Mahogany. 

2.  Make  a  list  of  the  above-named  timbers  in 
the  order  of  their  hardness. 

LESSON  43a. 

AN  UNDERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL. 

An  Undershot  Water- Wheel  is  turned  by  the 
water  passing  beneath. 

An  elevation  and  plan  are  shown  in  Fig.  85, 
the  paddles  being  radially  arranged. 

A  and  B  (Fig.  86)  are  alternative  methods  of 
shaping  the  float-boards  or  paddles. 

Fig.  86  is  a  section  of  a  wheel  showing  the 
paddles  arranged  at  30°  to  the  radii.  The  mill- 
race  is  to  be  confined  in  the  troughs  shown. 


8  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Drawing. — Prepare    working    drawings    of    an 
Undershot  Water- Wheel.    You  may  please  yourself 


G 


FIG.  85.— UNDERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL. 


FIG.  86. — UNDERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL. 

as  to  the  dimensions  of  the  parts,  and  also  as  to 
the  shape  and  arrangement  of  the  paddles. 


MOTH-TRAP  AND  MOUNTING-BOARDS         9 

You  may  add  some  construction  to  contain  the 
water  at  the  head,  and  to  receive  it  at  the  end  of 
the  trough. 

Benchwork. —  Make  the  Water- Wheel  as  shown 
by  your  drawings. 


LESSON  43b. 
MOTH-TRAP  AND  MOUNTING-BOARDS. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  sketches  of  the 
Moth-Trap  and  Mounting-Boards  to  sizes  most 
suited  to  your  purpose. 


FIG.  87. — MOTH-TRAP  AND  MOUNTING-BOARDS. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  Moth-Trap  in  accordance 
with  your  sketches. 

The  two  pieces  of  glass  may  lie  in  grooves  in 


10 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


the  two  sides,  or  between  small  beads  bradded  to 
the  sides. 


Sliding 
shutter. 


FIG.  88.— MOTH-TRAP. 

The  Mounting- Boards  should  be  made  of  yellow 
pine  and  cork,  glued  together. 

LESSON  44. 

HAMMER-SHAFT. 

Drawing.  —  Prepare  working  dimensioned 
sketches  for  a  Hammer-Shaft. 

Benchwork. — Work  the  Hammer-Shaft  in  accor- 
dance with  the  dimensioned  sketches,  using  ash 
or  hickory. 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Describe  the  Ash  and  its  products. 


AN  OVERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL 


ii 


LESSON  44a. 
AN  OVERSHOT  WATER-WHEEL. 

The  Overshot  Water- Wheel  requires  much  less 
water  to  produce  the  same  effect  than  that  required 
for  an  Undershot  Water- Wheel.  The  water  is 


Cross  section  of 
supply-trough. 


Supply-trough. 


Elevation  of  wheel.     Sides  of 
wheel-pit  removed. 


Section  on  AB. 


I 


Plan. 
FIG.  89.— OVERSHOT  WATER- WHEEL. 


12  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

conducted  by  a  trough  to  the  top  of  the  wheel  and 
falls  into  bucket-like  paddles ;  the  wheel  turns  in 
the  direction  of  the  descending  water.  An  eleva- 
tion and  plan  of  the  wheel  are  shown  in  Fig.  89. 
The  bearings  and  parts  of  the  wheel-pit  are  omitted. 

Drawing. — Prepare  dimensioned  drawings  of  an 
Overshot  Water- Wheel  and  any  other  parts  neces- 
sary to  its  completion  as  a  working  model. 

Bench-work.  —  Construct  the  Water- Wheel 
according  to  your  drawings. 

LESSON  45- 

LETTER-RACK. 

Design  and  execute  a  hanging  Letter- Rack, 
consisting  of  a  back  and  two  or  more  leaves. 

The  back  is  to  be  formed  of  several  strips  of  two 
or  more  kinds  of  wood  jointed  and  glued  together, 
and  the  leaves  are  to  be  fretted  and  secured  to  the 
back  in  such  a  manner  that  when  not  in  use  they 
may  close  on  to  the  back. 

Thin  sheet-metal  may  be  used  in  this  exercise 
in  addition  to  the  wood  required. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  design  should  be  based 
on  the  Gothic  style. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  State  what  you  know  about  Teak. 

2.  Oak  has  been  displaced  by  Teak  in  the  back- 
ing  of  warships'    armour-plates.     Why  has   this 
been  done  ? 


INTENSITY  OF  GRAVITY  APPARATUS         13 


LESSON  45a. 

APPARATUS  FOR   DETERMINATION   OF  INTENSITY 
OF  GRAVITY. 

Front  view.     Side  view. 


- X 


Detail  at  head  of 
pendulum. 

FIG.  90.— APPARATUS  FOR  DETERMINATION  OF 
INTENSITY  OF  GRAVITY. 


14  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

This  consists  of  an  upright  frame  of  wood,  about 
3'  high.  It  is  supported  by  a  ledge  at  the  back, 
so  that  it  can  be  used  on  the  edge  of  the 
bench. 

Almost  at  the  top  is  a  platform  of  hard  wood, 
provided  with  a  slot.  The  platform  is  screwed  to 
the  support.  On  this  platform  the  knife-edge  of 
the  pendulum  rests.  The  pendulum  is  a  bar  of 
wood  about  4'  long  and  i"  square.  It  is  cut  away 
at  the  top,  so  that  it  can  swing  freely  in  the  slot 
of  the  platform.  Holes  at  right  angles  to  the  plane 
of  oscillation  are  bored  in  the  pendulum. 

A  silk  thread,  to  which  a  double  conical  bob  is 
attached,  is  connected  with  the  pendulum,  and 
passes  over  two  light  pulleys,  as  seen  above. 

Small  boxwood  pulleys,  bushed  with  glass  tubing 
and  pivoted  on  steel  hat-pins  with  large  heads,  can 
be  used. 

The  sharp  equator  of  the  bob  is  smeared  with 
Brunswick  black. 

LESSON  46. 

BAT-AND-BALL  TRAP. 

Drawing. — The  illustration  shows  a  Bat-and- 
Ball  Trap.  Prepare  working  drawings  of  the  same 
to  a  convenient  scale. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  stock  of  the  trap  from  a 
moderately  hard  wood,  use  beech  for  the  trigger, 
and  a  long  screw  for  the  pivot. 


PHOTOMETER  15 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  What  kinds  of  timber  do  you  consider  the 
most  suitable  for  making  the  following  objects  ? 
Bread-Board,  Rolling-Pin,  Cricket-Bat,  Pantry 


Side  view. 


End  view. 


Plan. 


FIG.  91. — BAT-AND-BALL  TRAP. 


Isometric 
sketch  of 
trigger. 


Shelves,  Chair,  Fence,  Archery  Bow,  Trying- Plane, 
Cart- Shaft,  Flagstaff,  Drawing- Board,  Rowing- 
Oars,  Tee-Square. 

Give  reasons  for  your  answer  in  each  case. 


LESSON  46a. 

PHOTOMETER. 

This  consists  of  a  board  5'  6"  long,  4"  broad,  and 
f"  thick.  The  three  carriers,  A,  B,  and  C,  slide 
along  the  centre  beam ;  A  and  C  are  bored  to 
carry  candles ;  the  centre  carrier,  B,  carries  a  metal 
ring,  which  may  be  made  from  a  canister-lid ;  a 


i6 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


second   canister-lid   rim,   with  a   piece   of  paper 
tightly  stretched  over  it,  fits  inside  the  first. 

Drawing. — Make  two  elevations  and   freehand 
sketches  to  explain  the  details  sufficiently. 


View  in  isometric  projection. 

FIG.  92.— PHOTOMETER. 

Benchwork. — The  model  may  be  executed  in 
Whitewood  or  Deal. 

The  groove  in  the  base-board  may  be  worked 
with  a  cutting  gauge,  chisel,  and  router,  should  a 
plough  not  be  available. 

LESSON  47- 

BAT  FOR  BALL-TRAP. 

Design  and  execute  a  small  bat  for  use  with  the 
Ball-Trap,  using  some  suitable  wood,  such  as 
willow. 


SONOMETER  17 

QUESTIONS. 

Make  sketches  of  six  kinds  of  common  Tree- 
Leaves  to  illustrate  '  plain,'  '  serrated,'  and  '  lobed  ' 
margins,  and  name  each  kind  correctly. 


LESSON  47a. 
SONOMETER. 

Drawing. — Prepare  such  drawings  or  sketches 
as  you  consider  necessary. 

Benchwork. — Fix  the  board  and  the  box  together, 
and  secure  to  the  two  supports.  At  i"  from  one 


Hard  wood 


Hard  wood 

bridge.          Side  elevation. 


Sectional 


,      bf|dge  elevation 

(two  bridges).     onAB 


«t  frKl!4" 

ff^-^. 

Weigh 

Wrest 
pin. 

ts. 

tf. 

[ 

o                 ©                 o 

°  r 

Jl 

i; 

]                                '    t 

D     ! 

-  —  &,*,*..,..„***„,„****„„„&  tM± 

Pulley.  B 

ill--""'"-"  ,.^..BM^^  ft» 

Plan. 

FIG.  93. — SONOMETER. 

end  of  the  board  make  two  holes,  i£"  apart,  for 
two  iron  screws,  which  must  be  screwed  into  the 
holes  until  their  heads  are  about  g"  above  the 
board.  The  holes  are  to  be  so  bored  that  the  heads 

2 


i8  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

of  the  screws  are  slightly  inclined  towards  the  end 
of  the  board.  At  the  other  end  of  the  board  fix  a 
small  pulley  and  an  iron  '  wrest-pin,'  the  latter 
inclined  at  an  angle  of  45°.  The  pulley  is  to  be 
near  enough  to  the  end  of  the  board  to  allow  a 
wire  passing  over  it  to  hang  freely,  and  of  such  a 
height  that  the  wire  rests  upon,  but  is  only  just 
deflected  by,  the  edge  of  the  bridge.  The  wrest- 
pin  is  to  fit  the  hole  stiffly,  so  that  it  may  be  turned 
with  a  key.  Two  hard- wood  bridges  are  to  be 
cut,  3"  x  i y  X  f"  ;  the  upper  side  of  each  bridge  is 
bevelled  to  a  blunt  edge,  and  along  this  edge  is 
fixed  a  stout  brass  wire  for  the  stretched  wires  to 
bear  upon. 

Glue  the  bridges  in  position  equidistant  from  the 
ends  of  the  board,  with  the  centres  of  the  brass 
wires  exactly  30"  apart.  Make  a  scale  between 
the  bridges  30"  long  and  divided  into  |",  and 
fix  it  on  the  board  between  the  bridges. 

Twist  a  loop  at  the  end  of  a  steel  or  other  wire, 
about  3'  6"  long,  and  slip  it  over  the  head  of  one 
of  the  screws  on  the  board.  Pass  the  other  end 
through  the  wrest-pin. 

Over  the  head  of  the  other  screw  loop  a  similar 
piece  of  wire.  Pass  the  other  end  of  the  wire  over 
the  pulley,  and  at  the  end  make  a  loop  from  which 
to  hang  weights. 

Make  two  movable  bridges  £"  higher  than 
those  at  the  end,  and  face  these  also  with  brass 
wire. 


BOOK-STAND 


LESSON  48. 

BOOK-STAND. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  a  Book- 
Stand,  adopting  dimensions  most  suitable  to  your 
own  requirements. 

Fig.  94  illustrates  the  method  of  construction 

to  be  adopted. 

End  view — alternative 
designs. 


Isometric  view  of 

plain  model  of 

book-stand. 


Details  of 
base  in 
isometric 
projection. 


FIG.  94. — BOOK-STAND. 

Benchwork. — The  upper  middle  piece  of  the  base 
is  loose,  and  is  connected  to  one  end  piece  by 
a  keyed  tenon,  thus  allowing  the  stand  to  be 
extended  to  accommodate  more  books. 

The  remaining  five  pieces  of  the  base  may  be 

2 — 2 


20 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


made   of  different    coloured   woods,   jointed   and 
glued  together. 

Ribbon  inlay  work  may  be  appropriately  used 


FIG.  95. — BOOK-STAND:  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  INLAY. 

for  the  decoration  of  the  Book-Stand.     Some  sug- 
gestions for  this  are  shown-  in  Fig.  95. 

In  Fig.  94  are  suggested  two  methods  of  treating 


ELECTRICAL  BATTERY  21 

the  ends,  but  you  are  to  endeavour  to  produce  a 
design  of  your  own. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Make  a  sketch  of  a  Bow-Saw ;  name  the  parts, 
and  state  of  what  material  each  is  made. 

2.  What  mechanical  principles  are  illustrated  in 
the  construction  of  the  Bow-Saw  ? 


LESSON  48a. 
ELECTRICAL  BATTERY. 

Drawing. — Make  a  rough  sketch  of  a  Battery, 
and  name  the  parts. 

Benchwork. — The  jar  may  be  a  fruit-jar,  with  its 
top  removed  by  means  of  a  hot  wire. 

The  carbons  are  those  used  for  street  electric 
lights.  Cast  two  pieces  of  zinc  in  a  mould.  Four 
carbons,  properly  insulated  from  the  zinc,  but 
connected  by  a  strip  of  copper,  are  clamped  on 
each  side  of  the  zinc,  two  bolts  passing  through 
wooden  side  pieces  binding  the  parts  together. 

The  solution  is  composed  of  12  parts  (by  weight) 
bichromate  of  potash,  25  parts  sulphuric  acid, 
100  parts  of  water.  After  the  bichromate 
has  dissolved  in  the  water,  mix  in  the  acid 
slowly. 

The  batteries  should  be  removed  from  the 
solution  when  not  in  use. 


22 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Battery. 


1|  _  | 


Detail  pole  for 
coil  ;  wood 
covered  with 
tinfoil. 


E 


0 


Scale  of 
inches. 


FIG.  96.—  ELECTRICAL  BATTERY. 

LESSON  49. 

BRUSH-BRACKET  AND  MIRROR-FRAME. 


.  —  The  principles  of  construction 
involved  in  making  the  bracket  are  shown  in 
Figs.  97  to  98. 


BRUSH-BRACKET  AND  MIRROR-FRAME 


Make  working  drawings,  adopting  whatever  sizes 
and  decorative  treatment  you  consider  best. 


Front  view. 


Side  view. 


Horizontal  section 
across  mirror. 


Plan. 
FIG.  97. — BRUSH-BRACKET  AND  MIRROR-FRAME. 

Benchwork. — Suggest  a  suitable  material,  and 
execute  the  bracket  in  accordance  with  your 
drawings. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


End  of  top  rail. 


Dovetailed 
upper  edge 
of  brackets. 


Shelf  connected  to  dovetailed 
edge  of  bracket. 

FIG.  98. — BRUSH-BRACKET  AND  MIRROR-FRAME. 
Details  of  jointing. 

QUESTIONS. 
Describe  the  Birch-Tree  and  its  products. 


LESSON 

SCALE-BOARD  FOR  USE  WITH  REFLECTING 
GALVANOMETER. 

Drawing. — Make  a  dimensioned  sketch  of  the 
Scale-Board. 

Benchwork. — Prepare  the  three  pieces  of  wood ; 
screw  the  base  and  upright  pieces  together,  and 
hinge  the  cover  piece  to  the  upright  piece. 

Shape  a  piece  of  brass  as  shown,  fix  it,  and  use 


SCALE-BOARD 


a  binding-screw,  so  that  the  cover  piece  may  be 
fixed  at  any  desired  angle. 

Oblique  view. 
Brass  plate. 


Scale  of 
millimetres. 


FIG.  99.— SCALE-BOARD  FOR  USE  WITH  REFLECTING 
GALVANOMETER. 


Hinge. 


Binding 
screw. 


FIG.  i oo. —SCALE-BOARD  FOR  USE  WITH  REFLECTING 
GALVANOMETER. 

Oblique  view. 

Measure  out  a  scale  of  millimetres  upon  a  slip 
of  paper,  and  glue  it  to  the  upright  board. 


26 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON   50. 

DWARF- STAND. 

Drawing. — Prepare    working    drawings   of    the 
Stand,  making  whatever  modifications  you  like  in 


Front  elevation. 


Side  elevation. 


Plan. 


_  Detail  of  dovetailed 

Transverse  clamp  inserted  in 
section  under  side  of  top 
across  to  prevent 

top.  warping. 

FIG.  101. — DWARF-STAND. 


the  design,  but    retaining  the   same  methods  of 
construction. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  Stand  to  your  drawings. 


DWARF-STAND 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Sketch  a  longitudinal  section  from  nose  to 
heel  of  the  smoothing-plane,  giving  special  atten- 
tion to  the  action  of  the  back  iron  when  removing 
a  shaving. 


Detail  showing  method  of 
connecting  legs  of  stand. 


View  of  under  side  of  top,  showing  clamp, 

key  and  dowelled  connections  for 

margin  pieces. 

FIG.  102.— DWARF-STAND  (DETAILS). 


2.  Beech  planes  require  '  remouthing '  after 
several  years'  service.  Explain  the  necessity  for 
this. 


28 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  soa. 

TANGENT  GALVANOMETER. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  the 
Tangent  Galvanometer. 

Benchwork. — The  two  supports  are  dovetail 
housed  into  the  base,  and  the  latter  has  two  ledges 
sunk  into  its  ends;  the  reel  is  connected  to  the 
supports  by  wooden  dowels. 

The  reel  is  wound  with  No.  20  S.W.G.  cotton- 
Front  view. 

Side  view. 


Grooved  for  wires. 
FIG.  103. — TANGENT  GALVANOMETER. 

covered  wire.  The  inner  surface  of  the  reel  is  so 
arranged  that  a  box  compass  3^"  diameter  can  be 
fitted  into  the  grooves  shown. 

The  reel  may  be  made  from  one  piece  of  wood, 
or  it  may  be  built  up  of  two,  three,  or  four  layers, 
glued  and  dowelled  together.  If  the  latter  method 
is  adopted,  the  grain  of  one  piece  should  be  placed 
at  right  angles  to  the  grain  of  the  adjacent  piece. 


CHESS-BOARD 


29 


LESSON  51. 

CHESS-BOARD. 

Drawing. — The  illustrations  shown  in  Fig.  104 
are  suggestions  for  making  a  Chess- Board. 

Adopting   the    methods   of   construction    there 

Cross  sections, 
Slot-screwed  ledge.     each  at  right  ' 

angles  to  the 
other. 

\  >r?7/   I 

Isometric  view  of 
chessboard. 


Detail  of  mitred  and  dovetailed 

mortise  and  tenoned  joints 

of  framing. 

FIG.  104. — CHESS-BOARD. 

shown,  prepare  working  drawings  in  orthographic 
projection. 

Benchwork. — Prepare   the  base    first ;    glue  the 
marquetry  top  upon  the  base,  and  then  frame  it. 


30  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

The  base  should  be  made  of  Yellow  Pine  or 
Whitewood,  with  hard-wood  ledges,  slot-screwed 
to  it.  The  marquetry  squares  may  be  of  any  two 
kinds  of  wood  which  will  give  a  pleasing  con- 
trast, as  White  Holly  and  Ebony  or  Ebonized 
Wood,  Sycamore  and  Black  Walnut,  Birch  and 
Mahogany. 

The  frame  may  be  of  Oak,  Mahogany,  or  Walnut. 

QUESTIONS, 

Explain  the  reasons  for  using : 

(a)  Water  with  the  grindstone ; 

(6)  Oil  with  the  oilstone. 

How  would  you  '  true  up  '  a  grindstone  and  an 
oilstone  ? 

LESSON  5ia. 

MIRROR  GALVANOMETER. 

Drawing. — Make  plan  and  elevation  of  the 
Mirror  Galvanometer,  and  freehand  sketches  to 
show  clearly  all  necessary  details. 

Benchwork. — Prepare  the  base  and  pillar,  and 
connect  together  either  by  mortise  and  tenon  or 
dowel  jointing. 

Make  the  reel,  and  fasten  to  the  top  of  the  pillar 
by  means  of  a  small  angle  piece  of  brass. 

Where  a  lathe  is  available,  the  base,  pillar,  reel, 
and  plug  may  be  turned. 

The  wires  used  to  wind  round  the  reel  are  : 
No.  28  S.W.G.,  silk-covered,  and  No.  20  S.W.G., 
cotton-covered. 


MIRROR  GALVANOMETER  31 

The  brass  rod  to  support  the  directing  magnet 
is  \"  diameter. 


Section  through 

reel.  Elevation. 


Window. 


Plan. 


FIG.  105.— MIRROR  GALVANOMETER. 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  52. 

NEEDLEWORK  CABINET. 

This  model  contains  four  small  drawers  for  hold- 
ing various  sewing  requisites. 

Above  the  drawers  is  a  pin-bowl,  surrounded  by 

Side  view.  Front  view. 


Plan  with  top  removed, 
showing  drawers. 


Plan. 


FIG.  1 06.— NEEDLEWORK  CAKINET. 

metal  pins  to  take  reels  of  cotton  or  thread.  The 
two  arms  at  the  top  are  notched  on  both  sides  to 
hold  scissors,  crotchet-hooks,  etc.,  which  are  kept 


NEEDLEWORK  CABINET 


33 


in  place  by  pieces  of  brass  or  copper-plate  screwed 
to  the  arms. 

The  top  edge  of  the  arms  may  be  marked  in 
inches  for  measuring  purposes.  The  length — 
viz.,  9" — is  a  convenient  length,  being  %  yard. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  and  sketch 
details  of  the  Needlework  Cabinet. 


Back  view  of  drawer. 


Notch  halved-jointing 

of  bars  between 

circular  bases. 


FIG.  107.— NEEDLEWORK  CABINET  (DETAILS). 

Benchwork. — Work  the  circular  base  and  sur- 
base  and  screw  to  the  cross-halved  intermediate 
framing ;  connect  the  two  inclined  supports  to 
these,  and  fit  the  top  arms  piece  into  place.  The 
four  pieces  of  brass  or  copper-plate,  of  about  TV" 
thick,  should  be  shaped  with  shears  and  files, 
drilled  for  screws,  and  secured  to  the  arms  with 

3 


34  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

round-headed  screws.  The  pins  for  the  cotton- 
reels  may  be  made  from  round  wire-nails,  the  heads 
of  which  have  been  filed  off. 

The  pin-bowl  offers  scope  for  a  large  number  of 
various  designs  and  practice  in  modelling. 

QUESTIONS. 

Show  several  arrangements  of  saw  teeth  to  a 
large  scale,  clearly  indicating  the  angle,  set,  etc., 
giving  reasons  for  the  differences  of  arrangement. 
For  what  purpose  are  saws  without  teeth  used  ? 
How  would  you  deal  with  a  buckled  saw  blade  ? 
(N.U.T.,  1905.) 

LESSON  52a. 

A  SIMPLE  ASTATIC  GALVANOMETER. 

Drawing.  —  Make  necessary  working  dimen- 
sioned sketches. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  base  from  a  piece  of 
white-wood,  and  give  it  two  or  three  coats  of 
shellac.  Make  a  copper  or  brass  bridge  7"  high, 
i"  wide,  iY'  thick.  Screw  this  to  the  outside  of 
the  block,  so  as  to  be  rigid  and  firm. 

Drill  a  small  hole  through  the  top  of  the  bridge 
to  admit  a  screw-eye  for  the  suspension  of  the 
needles. 

Take  10'  or  15'  of  No.  30  wire  and  wind  it  in 
coils,  and  fasten  the  coils  to  base-board  with  small 
brass  or  copper  straps  and  copper  tacks  or  screws 
(do  not  use  iron,  steel,  or  tin). 


A  SIMPLE  ASTATIC  GALVANOMETER         35 

A  short  piece  of  brass  or  wood  will  act  as  carrier 
for  the  needles. 


Screw  eye. 


Front  view. 


Needles. 

Scale. 
Wire  coil. 


Scale 


„-  Screw  eye. 


'4, 


7' 


for 


g 

IS 
C/3 

4 

i 

Copper  or  brass 
Abridge. 

irrier 
r 
edle. 

r': 

^^,  Scale. 

c 

ui 

]L^--     Wire  coi 

JL        .|ff  M 

4BaSK-v 

K////V/ 
VAttM 

e 

• 

v/Y/^ 

\ 

Plan. 

Brass  or  copper  strap. 


^|    Brass  or  copper  strap. 

^E 

-> Binding  screws. 
FIG.  108.— SIMPLE  ASTATIC  GALVANOMETER. 

The  binding  screws  are  to  be  arranged  as  shown 
in  the  figure.  The  circular  scale  is  fixed  to  the 
coils  by  means  of  paraffin  wax. 

3—2 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  53. 

BOOK-SUPPORT. 

Drawing. — Draw  two  elevations  and  a  view  of 
the  under  side,  adding  a  decorative  treatment  of 
the  end.  Also  make  a  conventional  perspective 

Oblique  sketch. 


Side  view. 


Plan  of  under  side. 

FIG.  109.— BOOK-SUPPORT. 

view  of  the  lap  dovetail  joint  to  show  its  construc- 
tion to  the  best  advantage. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  Book-Support  as  shown 
by  your  drawings. 


INDUCTION  COIL  FOR  TELEPHONE 


37 


QUESTIONS. 

Describe  any  diseases  to  which  timber  is  subject : 

(a)  In  the  tree; 

(b)  After  conversion. 


LESSON  53a. 

INDUCTION  COIL  FOR  TELEPHONE. 

The  wooden  spool  is  to  be  turned  from  a  piece 
of  wood  3!"  x  i"  square.  The  core-sheath  is  turned 
down  so  that  it  is  about  TV  thick ;  it  is  covered 

Side  view. 


Cross 
section. 


End  view. 


\ 


Wires        Ends  of  No. 
projecting.     24  soft-iron 
wire. 


FIG.  i  io.— INDUCTION  COIL  FOR  TELEPHONE. 

with  a  coat  or  two  of  shellac,  and  two  holes  are 
made  at  each  end.  The  wire  is  wound  by  appa- 
ratus made  in  Exercise  58a.  The  primary  winding 


38  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

is  made  up  of  two  layers  of  No.  20  double-insulated 
copper  wire,  one  end  projecting  from  the  hole  at 
one  end  of  the  spool  and  the  other  from  the  hole 
at  the  other  end.  Two  or  three  coats  of  shellac  are 
then  given  to  this  coil,  and  over  the  layer  a  piece 
of  paper  is  wrapped  and  covered  with  shellac. 
The  secondary  coil  is  made  up  of  twelve  layers  of 
No.  34  silk-insulated  wire,  and  over  each  layer  a 
sheet  of  paper  is  wound  to  make  two  wraps,  each 
being  given  a  coat  of  shellac.  When  the  winding 
is  complete,  three  or  four  wraps  of  paper  are  added, 
the  whole  being  covered  with  shellac.  It  is  then 
screwed  fast  in  a  box.  The  core-hole  within  the 
coil  is  packed  with  lengths  of  No.  24  soft  iron  wire 
3l"  long. 


LESSON  54. 

SHAVING-CABINET. 

The  door  of  the  cupboard  has  a  mirror  fitted 
against  the  inner  side  of  the  panel,  for  use  when 
the  door  is  open.  A  falling  shelf,  pivoted  to  the 
sides  of  the  cupboard,  affords  support  for  shaving- 
pot,  brushes,  etc.  There  are  also  a  small  drawer, 
and  a  towel-rail,  and  two  hooks  for  razor-strops 
are  provided. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  the 
Shaving-Cabinet,  making  any  modifications  you 
consider  best. 


SHAVING-CABINET 


39 


Benchwork. — Prepare  and  fit  together  the  frame- 
work of  the  Shaving-Cabinet. 

The  door  is  to  be  haunched,  mortised,  and 
tenoned  together,  and  rebated  to  receive  panel  and 
mirror,  the  latter  to  be  secured  with  beads.  The 


Front  elevation. 


1 

L 

-   I2"~ 

—  *, 

i 

Butt         / 

hinges.  \ 
\ 

•  - 

f 

Is 

-  — 

^-^^_ 

4 

r 


Vertical  section. 


FIG.  in. — SHAVING-CABINET. 

drop  shelf  is  to  have   both  ends  clamped   with 
mortise  and  tenon  joints. 

The  sides,  front,  and  back  of  the  drawer  are  to 
be  dovetailed  together,  the  bottom  mulleted  into 
grooves  and  glue-blocked,  and  a  drawer-pull  of 
wood  modelled  and  screwed  from  the  inside. 


40 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Details  of  jointing. 

&    LAP  DOVL-T/UL-JfllNT, 


COMMON 

DOVETAIL 

JOINT. 


Detail  of  drawer  in  isometric  projection. 
FIG.  ii2.— SHAVING-CABINET  (DETAILS). 

QUESTIONS. 

i.  Describe  what  qualities  should  guide  you  in 
the  selection  of  timber. 


TRANSMITTER  OF  TELEPHONE 


LESSON  54a. 
TRANSMITTER  OF  TELEPHONE. 

Block  A  may  be  made  of  pine,  white-wood, 
or  birch,  2f"  square  and  f  "  thick.  A  hole  f"  in 
diameter  and  %'  deep  is  bored  in  the  centre  of  the 
block,  and  a  path  is  cut  in  the  face  of  the  block 
i£"  diameter  and  £"  deep. 

Cross     Washer. 


Isometric  view. 


section. 


Washer 


Sketch  of  brass  screw  bolt 
with  carbon  washer. 

FIG.  113.— TRANSMITTER  OF  TELEPHONE. 

A,  Wood  block  back ;  B,  face  plate ;  C,  mouth-piece ;  D, 
diaphragm  of  ferrotype  plate ;  FF,  carbon  washer  with  brass 
screw  and  nut;  G,  felt  or  flannel;  H,  insulated  copper 
wire  ;  J,  rivet  securing  diaphragm  to  carbon  washer ;  K,  fine 
bolt. 

B  face-plate  is  2"  square,  with  a  f"  hole  in  it, 
and  the  under  side  is  cut  away  to  a  depth  of  |-" 
and  a  diameter  of  i|-".  This  allows  space  for  the 
diaphragm  D  to  vibrate  when  the  sound  of  the 
voice  falls  on  it,  through  mouthpiece  C. 

From  carbon     "  thick  two  round  buttons  are 


42  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

cut,  measuring  f"  across.  A  small  hole  is  bored 
in  the  centre  of  each  button,  and  one  of  them  is 
provided  with  a  very  small  brass  screw  and  nut, 
shown  apart  as  FF.  One  side  of  the  buttonhole 
is  countersunk,  so  that  the  head  of  the  screw  will 
fit  down  into  it  and  be  flush  with  the  face  of  the 
carbon.  Cut  the  surface  of  the  buttons  criss- 
crosswise  with  a  three-cornered  file.  When 
mounted  in  the  receiver,  the  surfaces  of  the  buttons 
face  each  other.  Cut  a  small  washer  of  felt  or 
flannel  and  place  it  in  the  bottom  of  the  hole  in 
block  A.  Line  the  side  of  the  hole  with  a  narrow 
strip  of  the  same  material ;  then  place  the  button 
in  the  hole,  pass  the  screw  through  the  button  and 
through  A,  and  make  it  fast  with  nut.  Place  a 
thin  flat  washer  under  the  nut,  and  twist  a  fine 
piece  of  insulated  copper  wire  for  connections. 
Solder  all  joints  whenever  practicable. 

From  very  thin  ferrotype  plate  cut  a  piece  2" 
square;  at  its  middle  attach  the  other  carbon 
button  by  means  of  a  small  rivet,  which  can  be 
made  from  a  piece  of  copper  wire  ;  or  a  small  brass 
machine  screw  may  be  passed  through  the  button 
and  plate.  Gently  tap  to  rivet  it  fast,  as  shown 
at  J.  Lay  the  block  down  flat  and  partly  fill  the 
cavity  with  powdered  charcoal  until  the  bottom  is 
covered.  Do  not  fill  up  to  the  top  of  the  hole. 
Over  this  lay  disc  D,  so  that  the  carbon  button 
on  the  under  side  fits  into  the  top  part  of  the  hole 
and  its  felt  lining.  Fasten  the  disc  to  A  with 
small  pins.  A  fine  bolt  (K)  is  passed  through  the 


GONG-STAND 


43 


block  and  disc,  and  is  provided  with  a  nut  and 
washer  similar  to  that  at  F  for  connection.  Scrape 
the  japan  or  lacquer  from  D  where  the  bolt-head 
touches  it.  C  is  a  small  tin  funnel  fastened  to  B. 
B  is  screwed  fast  to  A. 

LESSON  55. 

GONG-STAND. 

Front  elevation.  Side  elevation. 


< 


Sectional  plan  on  CD 
looking  upwards. 


Sectional  plan 
on  AB. 


FIG.  114. — GONG-STAND. 


44  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

Drawing. — Make  working  drawings  of  the  Gong- 
Stand  to  suitable  dimensions. 

Benchwork. — Work  the  top  from  one  piece  of 
wood.  Each  of  the  pillars  is  to  be  worked  in 
three  pieces,  dowelled  together  ;  the  dowels  are  to 
protrude  beyond  the  length  of  the  pillars,  and  to 
connect  the  pillars  to  the  top  and  base. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  are  the  characteristic  differences  in  the 
structure  between  the  inner  and  outer  portions  of 
the  annular  rings  of  the  elm  ?  Trace  the  causes 
of  the  differences.  (C.  and  G.,  1894.) 

LESSON  ssa. 
RECEIVER  OF  TELEPHONE. 

The  tube  A  is  made  from  a  piece  of  curtain-pole 
i^"  diameter  and  3^"  long.  A  hole  f"  diameter  is 
bored  through  its  entire  length,  and  through  this 
hole  the  magnet  passes. 

At  one  end  of  the  tube  a  wooden  pill-box  (C)  is 
made  fast  with  glue,  or  a  wooden  cup  may  be 
turned  on  a  lathe  and  attached  to  the  magnet 
tube. 

If  a  pill-box  be  used,  it  must  be  2|"  in  diameter, 
and  at  four  equidistant  places  inside  the  box  small 
lugs  of  wood  (D)  are  to  be  glued  fast.  Into  these 
lugs  the  screws  employed  to  hold  the  cap  are 
driven. 


RECEIVER  OF  TELEPHONE 


45 


The  cap  E  is  made  of  thin  wood,  fibre,  or  hard 
rubber.  It  is  provided  with  a  thin  rim  or  collar 
to  separate  its  inner  side  from  the  face  of  the 
disc  K,  which  is  made  of  very  thin  iron.  Four 
small  holes  are  bored  near  the  edge  of  this  cap,  so 
that  the  screws  which  hold  it  fast  to  cup  C  may 
pass  through  them.  The  magnet  B  is  a  piece  of 
hard  steel  f"  in  diameter  and  4^"  long. 

Longitudinal  section. 


Front  view. 
FIG.  115. — RECEIVER  OF  TELEPHONE. 

A,  Wooden  tube;  B,  magnet  (hard  steel)  f"  diameter;  C,  pill- 
box -zy  diameter  ;  D,  wood  lugs ;  E,  wood  cap  ;  F,  thin 
iron  disc;  G,  turned  spool  wound  with  No.  36  copper  wire; 
H,  thicker  wires  ;  J,  hole. 

Now  have  a  thin,  flat  spool,  turned  from  maple  or 
boxwood,  to  fit  over  one  end  of  the  rod,  and  wind 
it  with  a  number  of  layers  of  No.  36  copper  wire. 

Drop  a  little  hot  paraffin  on  the  wire  when  it  is 
in  place,  so  that  it  will  not  unwind.  The  ends  are 
fastened  to  thicker  wires  running  through  small 
holes  in  the  tube  A,  and  projecting  at  the  end  as 
shown. 

The  magnet  is  pushed  through  the  hole  in  A 


46 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


until  the  top  end  of  the  rod  is  slightly  below  the 
edges  of  the  cup  E,  so  that  when  the  metal  disc  D 
is  laid  over  the  cup  F,  the  space  between  the 
magnet  and  the  disc  D  is  Ty.  Put  a  little  shellac 
on  the  magnet,  so  that  when  in  its  right  place  it 
will  be  held  fast. 


LESSON  56. 

TRAY. 

Drawing.  —  The   illustrations    in    Fig.    116    are 
given  as  suggestions  for  the  production  of  a  Tray. 


Alternative  end 


Side  view. 


Plan. 


End  view. 


O 


Suggestions  for  moulding  on  framing. 
FIG.  1 16.— INLAID  TRAY. 


Detail  in  isometric 
of  joint  at  corner. 


INDUCTION  COIL  47 

Prepare  designs  and  working  drawings  for  an 
Inlaid  Tray,  to  be  constructed  as  follows : 

The  panel  is  to  have  an  inlaid  border  and  centre, 
and  to  be  enclosed  in  a  raised  framing,  the  latter 
to  have  mitred,  mortised,  and  tenoned  joints. 

Benchwork. — Make  the  tray  in  accordance  with 
your  drawings. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Draw  illustrations  of  several  common  forms 
of  '  mouldings,'  giving  each  its  respective  name. 

2.  What    are    the    distinguishing    features    of 
Roman  and  Grecian  '  mouldings  '  ? 


LESSON  56a. 
INDUCTION  COIL. 

Explanation. — The  base  is  of  soft  pine.  The 
binding-posts  (A A)  are  shown  in  the  drawing  as 
passing  through  the  board,  so  that  the  connections 
shown  by  dotted  lines  may  be  placed  in  grooves, 
cut  on  the  under  side.  These  binding-posts 
can  be  bought ;  or  brass  end-fasteners  from  sash 
curtain -rods  can  be  used  as  substitutes. 

The  current-breaker  (C)  is  cut  from  a  piece  of 
soft  tin.  One  end  is  soldered  to  a  piece  of  soft 
iron  (D),  and  the  other  to  the  head  of  a  machine 
screw  (E). 

The  ends  of  the  spool  for  the  coil  are  of  thin 
white-wood.  Besides  the  holes  for  the  core,  there 


48 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


are  two  small  holes  in  each  end  through  which  the 
current-wire  makes  entrance  and  exit.  These 
end-pieces  are  fastened  to  the  ends  of  a  hollow 
paper  cylinder  by  means  of  glue.  This  cylinder 
(G)  is  made  of  layers  of  coarse  wrapping-paper, 
cut  to  a  length  and  wrapped  around  a  lead-pencil, 
and  pasted  so  as  to  make  it  stiff  and  strong.  The 


^.,    -f/;'^\'Ai-. 

^y^///))///)))///7/\ 


•1                            F 

—  ©.  -. 

--  f 

G 

e    <>: 

•*   • 

d                   y 

:  f*  /B 

ffiL         ; 

14* 

: 

Scale  of  inches. 


FIG.  117. — INDUCTION  COIL. 

AA,  Binding  posts  ;  BBB,  grooves  underneath  in  which  are 
placed  connecting  wires. 

primary  coil  is  wound  with  No.  12  induction  wire, 
the  ends  extending  through  the  wooden  end-piece. 
A  layer  of  paper  is  wrapped  round  this  coil  before 
a  secondary  coil  of  No.  40  induction  wire  is  wound. 
A  piece  of  brown  paper  is  wrapped  about  every 
second  layer  of  the  secondary  coil.  The  secondary 
coil,  after  being  wound,  is  neatly  covered  with 
brown  paper,  pasted  in  place  before  the  coil  is 


CRUMB-TRAY 


49 


fastened  to  the  base.  The  poles  are  made  by 
cutting  two  cylinders  off  a  broomstick  to  a  length 
of  4".  A  brass  screw-eye  is  fastened  in  one  end 
of  each  cylinder,  to  which  the  wires  are  attached. 
The  cylinders  are  covered  with  tinfoil,  which  is 
also  wrapped  around  the  brass  screw.  The  lathe 
(Exercise  58a)  is  used  in  the  winding  of  the  coils. 
The  core  is  of  soft  iron  in  two  parts  (FF),  in  order 
that  the  strength  of  the  current  may  be  regulated 
thereby. 


LESSON  57. 

CRUMB-TRAY. 

Drawing. — Prepare    working    drawings    for    a 
Crumb-Tray,  and   make  a   floral  design  for  the 


Plan. 


Cross 
section. 


Side  view. 

I 


r2'n 


10 

FIG.  1 18.— CRUMB-TRAY. 


50  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

blade   of    the   tray   which    shall    be   suitable   for 
inlaying. 

Benchwork. — Execute  the  Crumb-Tray  and  inlay 
the  floral  design. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define  the  term  '  seasoning,'  as  used  in  refer- 
ence to  the  preparation  of  timber,  and  explain 
clearly  the  reason  for  the  process.  State  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  of  artificial  season- 
ing, and  briefly  describe  the  chief  chemical  pro- 
cesses employed  in  preserving  timber  from  the 
effects  of  variable  climatic  conditions,  the  attacks 
of  insects,  etc.  (C.  and  G.,  1907.) 


LESSON  57a. 
AN  ELECTRIC  BELL. 

Drawing. — Make  a  dimensioned  working  sketch 
of  the  model. 

Benchwork. — Collect  together  the  parts ;  fit  and 
fix  together  as  shown  in  your  sketch. 

Explanation. — BB  are  binding-screws  ;  CC  the 
wooden  reels,  wound  with  coils  of  fine  insulated 
wire  (No.  12).  D  is  of  soft  iron,  bent  round  and 
passing  through  the  reels.  E  is  the  wooden  keeper, 
holding  CC  and  D  in  place.  R  is  the  top  of  a 
bicycle  bell.  The  striker  (G)  is  a  metal  bullet 
soldered  to  the  bent  arm  attached  to  J,  which  is 


AN  ELECTRIC  BELL  51 

the  armature  of  soft  iron.     H  is  a  piece  of  watch- 
spring  soldered  to  J  and  the  angle  piece  M.     L  is 


FIG.  119. — AN  ELECTRIC  BELL. 

BB,  Binding-screws  ;  CC,  wooden  reels  wound  with  coils  of  fine 
insulated  wire ;  D,  soft  iron  bent  round  and  passing  through 
reels ;  E,  wooden  keeper  holding  CC  and  D  in  place ; 
R,  bicycle  bell  top ;  G,  metal  bullet  soldered  to  metal  striker 
secured  to  J  ;  J,  armature  of  soft  iron  ;  H.  piece  of  watch 
spring  soldered  to  J  and  angle  piece  M  ;  L,  spring  soldered 
to  angle  piece  K  ;  K  and  M,  metal  angle  pieces. 

a  bent  spring  attached  to  K  and  just  touching  J. 
K  is  a  metal  angle  piece. 

4—2 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


LESSON  58. 

DROP-LEAF  TABLE. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  a  Table 
similar  in  construction  to  that  illustrated  in  Fig. 
120.  Make  freehand  sketches  of  the  joints. 


Side  elevation. 


Front  elevation. 


* 

~  -  -~  -  r 

.:--r. 

r?    r 

-^-•t 
\ 

/ 

l.y 

\       | 

'to 

.  1 
CXJ 

_A^. 

. 

j 

L    1-  .- 

-r-f 


-t£ — »t 


-12- 


^m 


T\ 


Section  on  AB. 


Plan  of  top. 

FIG.  120.— DROP-LEAF  TABLE. 

Woodwork. — Execute  the  Table  in  oak,  and  when 
it  is  completed  fume  and  wax-polish  it. 


WINDING  MACHINE 


53 


LESSON  58a. 
WINDING  MACHINE  FOR  ELECTRICAL  REELS,  ETC. 

This  machine,  though  specially  suited  for  wind- 
ing electrical  reels  of  varying  lengths,  may  be 
used  for  several  other  purposes — viz.,  (i)  for  wind- 
ing twine  ;  (2)  as  a  windlass  for  hoisting  purposes, 
or  for  kite-flying.  In  the  latter  case  it  would  need 


Driving 
wheel. 


Head- 
stock. 


Tail- 
stock. 


Bed. 


End 
elevation. 


Straining  bar. 
Front  elevation. 


End 
elevation 


Plan. 
FIG.  121. — WINDING  MACHINE  FOR  ELECTRICAL  REELS. 

anchoring  down  to  the  ground.  By  a  little  altera- 
tion it  could  be  adapted  to  other  purposes. 

Drawing. — Prepare  working  drawings  of  the 
Winding  Machine. 

No  dimensions  are  given,  as  these,  as  well  as 
any  necessary  structural  alterations,  depend  on  the 
several  purposes  for  which  the  machine  may  be 
used. 


54 


WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 


Benchwork. —  Make    the    Winding    Machine   to 
accord  with  your  drawings. 


Elevation  on  X'Y'. 


LESSON  59- 

CHAIR. 

r  f»      i 

Front  view. 

\ 

If 

'  ,""' 

!| 

(l 

I 

| 

T^—s-       ~«    ~ 

] 

^ 

. 

! 

i 

. 

i 
^ 

I                 ^ 

1 

!.  .1 

fl 

K     |H 

v^vLl 

r 

I 

J_ 

FIG.  122. — CHAIR. 


ORIGINAL  MODEL  55 

Make  designs  and  working  drawings  for  a  Chair 
to  harmonize  with  the  Table  in  Lesson  58.  Some 
idea  of  a  Chair  of  the  nature  required  is  shown  in 
Fig.  122. 

Make  the  Chair  in  oak,  and  fume  and  wax- 
polish  it. 

LESSON  spa. 

ORIGINAL  SCIENTIFIC  MODEL. 

Work  out,  by  notes,  sketches,  drawings,  and  by 
a  model  in  material,  some  application  of  a  Scientific 
Principle  in  which  you  are  interested. 

LESSON  60. 

ORIGINAL  MODEL. 

Collect  together  from  books,  drawings,  or  actual 
examples,  all  the  information  you  can  upon  one  of 
the  following  or  similar  subjects.  Illustrate  your 
data  by  sketches  or  working  drawings,  and  make 
a  complete  model  of  the  subject. 

1.  The   construction   and   working   of    railway 
signals,  by  day  and  night. 

2.  The  construction  of  railroad  tracks,  points, 
platforms,  etc. 

3.  The  construction  of  a  tube  railway. 

4.  The     construction    of    a    railway   carriage, 
waggon,  automobile,  or  other  vehicle. 

5.  The  construction  and  working  of  canal  locks. 

6.  The   history  and   construction   of  printing- 
presses,  type,  blocks,  etc. 


56  WOODWORK  FOR  SCHOOLS 

7.  The  construction  and  working  of  cranes — jib, 
derrick,  travelling,  etc. 

8.  The  construction  of  some  piece  of  building 
construction — e.g.,  floor,  roof,  door,  window,  stair, 
trusses. 

9.  The  construction  and  working  of  a  lift. 

10.  The  construction  of  a  windmill. 

11.  The  construction  of  bridges. 

12.  Pile-driving. 

13.  Piers. 

14.  Ships  and  boats. 

15.  Workshop,  with  power. 

16.  Pumps. 

17.  Furniture  (domestic  or  office). 

18.  Stables  and  their  fittings. 

19.  Toys  and  games. 

20.  Photography  and  its  accessories. 

21.  Optical  lantern  and  its  accessories. 

22.  Pattern  making  and  moulding. 

23.  Gates,  stiles,  and  fencing. 

24.  Farm  implements  and  machinery. 
25-  Farm  buildings. 

25.  Horticultural  buildings  and  implements. 

27.  Railway  turn-table. 

28.  Construction  and  flying  of  kites,  balloons, 
parachutes,  etc. 

29.  A  colliery. 

30.  Musical  instruments,  etc. 


BILLING  AND  SONS,    LTD.,    PRINTERS,    GUILDFORD 


A     000  039  520     2 


